1. Gabatarwa
Mitar rediyo (RF) girbi makamashi (RFEH) da radiative mara igiyar wutar lantarki (WPT) sun ja hankalin babban sha'awa a matsayin hanyoyin cimma cibiyoyin sadarwa mara waya mai dorewa mara baturi. Rectennas sune ginshiƙan tsarin WPT da RFEH kuma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ikon DC da aka ba da kaya. Abubuwan eriya na madaidaicin kai tsaye suna shafar ingancin girbi, wanda zai iya bambanta ikon girbi ta umarni da yawa na girma. Wannan takarda tana duba ƙirar eriya da aka yi aiki a cikin aikace-aikacen WPT da na yanayi na RFEH. An rarraba rectenna da aka ruwaito bisa ga manyan sharuɗɗa guda biyu: eriya mai gyara bandwidth mai ƙarfi da halayen radiation na eriya. Ga kowane ma'auni, ƙididdiga na cancanta (FoM) don aikace-aikace daban-daban ana ƙididdige su kuma ana duba su daidai.
Tesla ne ya gabatar da WPT a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin hanyar watsa dubban dawakai. Kalmar rectenna, wacce ke bayanin eriya da aka haɗa da mai gyara don girbi ikon RF, ta fito a cikin 1950s don aikace-aikacen watsa wutar lantarki ta sararin samaniya da kuma sarrafa jiragen sama masu sarrafa kansu. Hannun kai tsaye, WPT mai tsayi mai tsayi yana takurawa ta hanyar kaddarorin jiki na matsakaicin yadawa (iska). Sabili da haka, WPT na kasuwanci an iyakance shi zuwa filin kusa da ba da wutar lantarki don cajin mabukaci mara waya ko RFID.
Yayin da amfani da wutar lantarki na na'urorin semiconductor da nodes na firikwensin mara waya ke ci gaba da raguwa, yana zama mafi yuwuwa don kunna kuɗaɗɗen firikwensin ta amfani da RFEH na yanayi ko ta amfani da rarrabawar ƙananan iko ko'ina. Tsarin wutar lantarki mara ƙarancin ƙarfi yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙarshen sayan RF na gaba, ikon DC da sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da ƙaramin ƙarfi microprocessor da transceiver.
Hoto 1 yana nuna tsarin gine-ginen kullin mara waya ta RFEH da yawancin aiwatar da aiwatar da ƙarshen RF. Ƙarshe-zuwa-ƙarshen ingantattun tsarin wutar lantarki da tsarin gine-ginen bayanan mara waya da aka haɗa tare da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar canja wurin wutar lantarki ya dogara ne akan aikin ɗayan abubuwan da aka haɗa, kamar eriya, masu gyara, da da'iyoyin sarrafa wutar lantarki. An gudanar da binciken wallafe-wallafe da yawa don sassa daban-daban na tsarin. Tebu na 1 yana taƙaita matakin jujjuyawar wutar lantarki, mahimman abubuwan da aka haɗa don ingantaccen jujjuyawar wutar lantarki, da binciken wallafe-wallafen da suka danganci kowane bangare. Littattafai na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan fasahar sauya wutar lantarki, masu gyara topologies, ko RFEH mai sanin hanyar sadarwa.
Hoto 1
Koyaya, ba a ɗaukar ƙirar eriya azaman muhimmin sashi a cikin RFEH. Ko da yake wasu wallafe-wallafen suna ɗaukar bandwidth na eriya da inganci daga hangen nesa gaba ɗaya ko daga takamaiman yanayin ƙirar eriya, kamar ƙarancin eriya mai ƙaranci ko sawa, tasirin wasu sigogin eriya akan liyafar wutar lantarki da ingantaccen juzu'i ba a bincika dalla-dalla.
Wannan takarda tana duba dabarun ƙirar eriya a cikin rectennas tare da manufar bambance RFEH da ƙalubalen ƙirar eriya ta musamman daga ƙirar eriyar sadarwa na yau da kullun. An kwatanta eriya daga ra'ayoyi biyu: ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshen impedance daidaitawa da halayen radiation; a kowane hali, an gano FoM kuma an sake duba shi a cikin eriya na zamani (SoA).
2. Bandwidth da Daidaitawa: Cibiyoyin RF marasa 50Ω
Halayen haɓakawa na 50Ω shine farkon la'akari da sasantawa tsakanin attenuation da ƙarfi a cikin aikace-aikacen injiniyan microwave. A cikin eriya, ana siffanta bandwidth na impedance azaman kewayon mitar inda ƙarfin da aka nuna bai wuce 10% (S11 <- 10 dB). Tun da ƙananan ƙararrawar ƙararrawa (LNAs), amplifiers na wutar lantarki, da na'urori masu ganowa galibi ana tsara su tare da madaidaicin shigarwar shigarwar 50Ω, tushen 50Ω na al'ada ne.
A cikin madaidaicin madauri, ana shigar da fitar da eriya kai tsaye a cikin mai gyara, kuma rashin daidaituwar diode yana haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin shigar da shigar, tare da bangaren capacitive yana mamayewa. Tsammanin eriya 50Ω, babban ƙalubalen shine ƙirƙirar ƙarin hanyar sadarwa ta RF mai daidaitawa don canza abin shigar da shigar zuwa impedance na mai gyara a yawan sha'awa da haɓaka shi don takamaiman matakin wutar lantarki. A wannan yanayin, ana buƙatar bandwidth impedance ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshe don tabbatar da ingantaccen jujjuyawar RF zuwa DC. Don haka, kodayake eriya na iya cimma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bandwidth mara iyaka ko matsananci-fadi ta amfani da abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci ko juzu'i na haɗin kai, bandwidth na madaidaicin madaurin zai zama ƙwanƙwasa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa mai daidaitawa.
An gabatar da nau'ikan topologies da yawa don cimma nasarar girbi-band guda ɗaya da girbi mai yawa ko WPT ta hanyar rage tunani da haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin eriya da mai gyarawa. Hoto na 2 yana nuna sifofin da aka ruwaito topologies na dubura, wanda aka karkasa su ta hanyar gine-ginen da suka dace da impedance. Tebur na 2 yana nuna misalan rectennas masu girma game da bandwidth na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen (a cikin wannan yanayin, FoM) ga kowane rukuni.
Hoto 2 Topologies na Rectenna daga hangen nesa na bandwidth da matching impedance. (a) Rectenna guda ɗaya tare da daidaitaccen eriya. (b) Multiband rectenna (wanda ya ƙunshi eriya masu yawa da suka haɗa juna) tare da mai gyara guda ɗaya da cibiyar sadarwa mai dacewa ta kowace band. (c) Broadband rectenna tare da tashoshin RF da yawa da cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban na kowace ƙungiya. (d) Broadband rectenna tare da eriya mai watsa shirye-shirye da cibiyar sadarwar da ta dace. (e) Rectenna-band-band ta amfani da ƙaramin eriya ta lantarki kai tsaye wanda ya dace da mai gyara. (f) Single-band, babbar eriya ta lantarki tare da hadadden impedance don haɗawa da mai gyarawa. (g) Broadband rectenna mai rikitarwa mai rikitarwa don haɗawa tare da mai gyara akan kewayon mitoci.
Yayin da WPT da RFEH na yanayi daga ciyarwar sadaukarwa daban-daban aikace-aikacen rectenna ne, cimma daidaito tsakanin eriya, gyarawa da kaya yana da mahimmanci don cimma ingantaccen ƙarfin jujjuyawar wutar lantarki (PCE) daga hangen nesa na bandwidth. Duk da haka, WPT rectennas sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma mafi girman ingancin ma'auni (ƙananan S11) don inganta PCE guda ɗaya a wasu matakan wutar lantarki (topologies a, e da f). Faɗin bandwidth na rukunin WPT guda ɗaya yana haɓaka garkuwar tsarin don ɓarnawa, lahani na masana'anta da marufi parasitics. A gefe guda, RFEH rectennas suna ba da fifikon aiki na bandeji da yawa kuma suna cikin topologies bd da g, kamar yadda ƙarfin spectral density (PSD) na band ɗaya gabaɗaya ya fi ƙasa.
3. Tsarin eriya na rectangular
1. Rectenna-mita guda ɗaya
Tsarin eriya na rectenna-mita-ɗaya (topology A) galibi ya dogara ne akan ƙirar eriya na yau da kullun, kamar layin polarization (LP) ko madauwari polarization (CP) mai haskaka facin kan jirgin ƙasa, eriyar dipole da eriyar F mai jujjuyawar. Bambance-bambancen band rectenna ya dogara ne akan tsarar haɗin haɗin DC wanda aka saita tare da raka'o'in eriya da yawa ko hadewar DC da RF na raka'a faci da yawa.
Tunda yawancin eriya da aka gabatar sune eriya-mita guda ɗaya kuma sun cika buƙatun WPT na mita guda ɗaya, lokacin neman RFEH mai yawan mitar muhalli, ana haɗa eriya masu yawa-ɗaya a cikin rectennas multi-band (topology B) tare da murƙushe haɗin gwiwa da juna. Haɗin DC mai zaman kanta bayan da'irar sarrafa wutar lantarki don ware su gaba ɗaya daga sayan RF da da'irar juyawa. Wannan yana buƙatar da'irori masu sarrafa wutar lantarki da yawa don kowane band, wanda zai iya rage haɓakar haɓakar haɓakawa saboda ƙarfin DC na band ɗaya ya yi ƙasa.
2. Multi-band da na'urorin watsa labarai na RFEH
RFEH na muhalli sau da yawa ana danganta shi da saye da yawa; sabili da haka, an gabatar da dabaru iri-iri don inganta bandwidth na daidaitattun ƙirar eriya da hanyoyin samar da rukunin eriya biyu ko bandeji. A cikin wannan sashe, muna yin bitar ƙirar eriya ta al'ada don RFEHs, da kuma eriya masu tarin yawa na gargajiya tare da yuwuwar amfani da su azaman rectennas.
Coplanar waveguide (CPW) eriyar monopole sun mamaye ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da eriyar facin microstrip a mitar guda ɗaya kuma suna samar da raƙuman ruwa na LP ko CP, kuma galibi ana amfani da su don haɓakar muhalli na rectennas. Ana amfani da jirage na tunani don haɓaka keɓancewa da haɓaka riba, yana haifar da ƙirar radiyo mai kama da facin eriya. Ana amfani da eriyar raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na coplanar don inganta haɓakar bandwidth don maɗaurin mitar mitoci da yawa, kamar 1.8-2.7 GHz ko 1-3 GHz. An yi amfani da eriya mai ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ramuka da eriya mai faci suma ana amfani da su a cikin ƙirƙira maɗaukakiyar madaukai. Hoto na 3 yana nuna wasu eriya masu tarin yawa da aka ruwaito waɗanda ke amfani da dabarun haɓaka bandwidth fiye da ɗaya.
Hoto 3
Eriya-Rectifier Matching Impedance Matching
Daidaita eriya 50Ω zuwa mai gyara mara layi yana da ƙalubale saboda shigar da shi ya bambanta sosai da mita. A cikin topologies A da B (Hoto na 2), cibiyar sadarwar da ta dace ta gama gari wasa ce ta LC ta amfani da abubuwa masu dunƙulewa; duk da haka, bandwidth dangi yawanci yana ƙasa da yawancin makada na sadarwa. Ana amfani da madaidaicin stub guda ɗaya a cikin injin na'ura mai kwakwalwa da nau'ikan igiyoyin millimeter da ke ƙasa da 6 GHz, kuma rahotannin miliyon-wave rectennas suna da kunkuntar bandwidth na zahiri saboda bandwidth na PCE ɗin su yana ƙugiya ta hanyar fitarwa mai jituwa, wanda ke sa su dace musamman don guda ɗaya- aikace-aikacen WPT na band a cikin 24 GHz band mara izini.
Rectennas a cikin topologies C da D suna da ƙarin hadaddun hanyoyin sadarwa masu dacewa. An ba da shawarar hanyoyin sadarwa masu dacewa da layin da aka rarraba don daidaitawar watsa shirye-shirye, tare da RF block/DC gajeriyar da'ira (tace wucewa) a tashar fitarwa ko mai toshe capacitor na DC azaman hanyar dawowa don daidaitawar diode. Za'a iya maye gurbin abubuwan gyarawa ta hanyar bugu da aka buga (PCB) capacitors interdigitated, waɗanda aka haɗa ta amfani da kayan aikin ƙirar lantarki na kasuwanci. Sauran rahotannin hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaita madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin sun haɗa abubuwa masu dunkulewa don daidaitawa zuwa ƙananan mitoci da abubuwan da aka rarraba don ƙirƙirar gajeriyar RF a shigarwar.
An yi amfani da canza yanayin shigar da shigar da kaya ta hanyar tushe (wanda aka sani da fasahar jawo tushen) don ƙirƙira mai gyara na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tare da 57% bandwidth dangi (1.25-2.25 GHz) da 10% PCE mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da dunƙule ko rarrabawar da'irori. . Ko da yake an tsara hanyoyin sadarwar da suka dace don dacewa da eriya a kan duka bandwidth 50Ω, akwai rahotanni a cikin wallafe-wallafen inda aka haɗa eriya mai watsa labarai zuwa masu gyara kunkuntar.
Hybrid ya zubar da abubuwa da kuma rarraba hanyoyin cibiyoyin sadarwa da suka dace da C da D, tare da jerin masu shiga da kuma masu karfin shiga da aka fi amfani da su. Waɗannan suna guje wa hadaddun sifofi irin su masu ƙarfin wutar lantarki, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin ingantaccen ƙirar ƙira da ƙirƙira fiye da daidaitattun layukan microstrip.
Ƙarfin shigar da mai gyara yana rinjayar rashin daidaituwar shigarwar saboda rashin daidaituwa na diode. Sabili da haka, an ƙera madaidaicin don ƙara yawan PCE don takamaiman matakin ƙarfin shigarwa da rashin ƙarfi. Tun da diodes suna da babban ƙarfin ƙarfi a mitoci ƙasa da 3 GHz, rectennas na broadband waɗanda ke kawar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu dacewa ko rage sauƙaƙan da'irori masu daidaitawa an mai da hankali kan mitoci Prf> 0 dBm kuma sama da 1 GHz, tunda diodes suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfi kuma ana iya daidaita su sosai. zuwa eriya, don haka guje wa ƙirar eriya tare da shigar da amsa>1,000Ω.
An ga madaidaicin daidaitawa ko sake daidaitawa a cikin CMOS rectennas, inda hanyar sadarwar madaidaicin ta ƙunshi bankunan capacitor-kan-chip da inductor. An kuma ba da shawarar cibiyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa na CMOS don daidaitattun eriya 50Ω da kuma eriyar madauki da aka tsara tare. An ba da rahoton cewa ana amfani da na'urorin gano wutar lantarki na CMOS masu wucewa don sarrafa maɓalli waɗanda ke jagorantar fitar da eriya zuwa masu gyara daban-daban da hanyoyin sadarwa masu dacewa dangane da ƙarfin da ake da su. An gabatar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai daidaitawa ta amfani da lumps tunable capacitors, wanda aka kunna ta hanyar daidaitawa yayin da ake auna abin shigar da bayanai ta hanyar amfani da na'urar tantance hanyar sadarwa ta vector. A cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa masu daidaita madaidaicin microstrip, an yi amfani da maɓallin transistor tasirin filin don daidaita stubs masu dacewa don cimma halaye masu haɗakarwa biyu.
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Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-09-2024
