1. Gabatarwa
Girbin makamashi na mitar rediyo (RF) (RFEH) da canja wurin wutar lantarki mara waya ta radiative (WPT) sun jawo hankali sosai a matsayin hanyoyin cimma hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya masu dorewa ba tare da batir ba. Rectang su ne ginshiƙin tsarin WPT da RFEH kuma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ƙarfin DC da aka isar zuwa ga kaya. Abubuwan eriya na rectang suna shafar ingancin girbi kai tsaye, wanda zai iya bambanta ƙarfin da aka girba ta hanyoyi da yawa. Wannan takarda tana duba ƙirar eriya da aka yi amfani da su a aikace-aikacen WPT da RFEH na yanayi. Rectang da aka ruwaito an rarraba su bisa ga manyan sharuɗɗa guda biyu: bandwidth na gyara eriya da halayen radiation na eriya. Ga kowane ma'auni, ana ƙayyade kuma ana sake duba adadi na cancanta (FoM) don aikace-aikace daban-daban idan aka kwatanta.
Tesla ta gabatar da WPT a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin hanyar watsa dubban dawaki na ƙarfin dawaki. Kalmar rectenna, wacce ke bayyana eriya da aka haɗa da mai gyara don tattara wutar RF, ta fito a shekarun 1950 don aikace-aikacen watsa wutar lantarki ta microwave ta sararin samaniya da kuma samar da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa. WPT mai nisa, mai nisan zango yana da iyaka ta hanyar halayen zahiri na hanyar watsawa (iska). Saboda haka, WPT na kasuwanci galibi an iyakance shi ga canja wurin wutar lantarki mara haske na kusa-fili don caji na'urorin lantarki mara waya ko RFID.
Yayin da yawan wutar lantarki na na'urorin semiconductor da na'urorin firikwensin mara waya ke ci gaba da raguwa, ya zama mafi sauƙi a samar da na'urorin firikwensin masu ƙarfi ta amfani da RFEH na yanayi ko amfani da na'urorin watsawa masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da aka rarraba. Tsarin wutar lantarki mara waya mai ƙarancin ƙarfi yawanci ya ƙunshi na'urar gaba ta siyan RF, sarrafa wutar lantarki ta DC da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da kuma na'urar sarrafa microprocessor da na'urar watsawa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.
Siffa ta 1 ta nuna tsarin makullin mara waya na RFEH da kuma aiwatar da RF na gaba-gaba da aka saba bayarwa. Ingancin tsarin wutar lantarki mara waya daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da kuma tsarin bayanai mara waya da hanyar sadarwa ta canja wurin wutar lantarki da aka haɗa ya dogara ne akan aikin sassan da aka haɗa, kamar eriya, rectifiers, da da'irorin sarrafa wutar lantarki. An gudanar da binciken adabi da dama don sassa daban-daban na tsarin. Tebur na 1 ya taƙaita matakin canza wutar lantarki, manyan abubuwan da ke cikin don ingantaccen canza wutar lantarki, da kuma binciken adabi masu alaƙa da kowane ɓangare. Littattafan da suka gabata sun mayar da hankali kan fasahar canza wutar lantarki, yanayin rectifier, ko RFEH mai sanin hanyar sadarwa.
Siffa ta 1
Duk da haka, ƙirar eriya ba a ɗaukarta a matsayin muhimmin sashi a cikin RFEH ba. Duk da cewa wasu wallafe-wallafe suna la'akari da bandwidth da inganci na eriya daga hangen nesa gaba ɗaya ko daga wani takamaiman hangen nesa na ƙirar eriya, kamar ƙananan eriya ko waɗanda aka sawa, ba a yi cikakken nazari kan tasirin wasu sigogin eriya akan karɓar wutar lantarki da ingancin juyawa ba.
Wannan takarda ta yi bitar dabarun ƙirar eriya a cikin rectennas da nufin bambance ƙalubalen ƙirar eriya ta musamman ta RFEH da WPT daga ƙirar eriya ta sadarwa ta yau da kullun. Ana kwatanta eriya daga fuskoki biyu: daidaitawar impedance daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da halayen radiation; a kowane hali, ana gano FoM kuma ana sake duba shi a cikin eriya ta zamani (SoA).
2. Bandwidth da Daidaitawa: Cibiyoyin sadarwa na RF marasa 50Ω
Halayen impedance na 50Ω wani abu ne da aka yi la'akari da shi tun farko game da daidaito tsakanin ragewa da ƙarfi a aikace-aikacen injiniyan microwave. A cikin eriya, ana bayyana bandwidth na impedance a matsayin kewayon mita inda ƙarfin da aka nuna bai kai 10% ba (S11< − 10 dB). Tunda amplifiers masu ƙarancin hayaniya (LNAs), amplifiers masu ƙarfi, da na'urori masu ganowa galibi ana tsara su da daidaitaccen impedance na shigarwar 50Ω, ana ambaton tushen 50Ω bisa ga al'ada.
A cikin rectang, fitowar eriya ana shigar da ita kai tsaye cikin rectifier, kuma rashin daidaituwa na diode yana haifar da babban bambanci a cikin impedance na shigarwa, tare da ɓangaren capacitive ya mamaye. Idan aka yi la'akari da eriya ta 50Ω, babban ƙalubalen shine ƙirƙirar ƙarin hanyar sadarwa ta RF don canza impedance na shigarwa zuwa impedance na rectifier a mitar sha'awa da kuma inganta shi don takamaiman matakin ƙarfi. A wannan yanayin, ana buƙatar bandwidth na impedance daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe don tabbatar da ingantaccen juyawar RF zuwa DC. Saboda haka, kodayake eriya na iya cimma bandwidth mara iyaka ko na musamman ta hanyar ka'ida ta amfani da abubuwan lokaci-lokaci ko tsarin daidaitawa kai tsaye, bandwidth na rectang zai fuskanci cikas ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta daidaitawa ta rectifier.
An gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban na rectenna don cimma girbin band ɗaya da na band da yawa ko WPT ta hanyar rage tunani da haɓaka canja wurin wutar lantarki tsakanin eriya da mai gyara. Hoto na 2 yana nuna tsarin wuraren da rectenna suka ruwaito, waɗanda aka rarraba su ta hanyar tsarin daidaita impedance ɗinsu. Tebur na 2 yana nuna misalan wuraren da rectenna ke aiki sosai dangane da bandwidth na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe (a wannan yanayin, FoM) ga kowane rukuni.
Hoto na 2 Tsarin rectang daga mahangar bandwidth da daidaitawar impedance. (a) Rectang mai lamba ɗaya tare da eriya ta yau da kullun. (b) Rectang mai lamba da yawa (wanda aka haɗa da eriya da yawa da aka haɗa) tare da rectang mai lamba ɗaya da cibiyar sadarwa mai daidaitawa kowace band. (c) Rectang mai lamba da tashoshin RF da yawa da hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban don kowane band. (d) Rectang mai lamba tare da eriya mai girman broadband da hanyar sadarwa mai daidaita broadband. (e) Rectang mai lamba ɗaya ta amfani da eriya mai ƙaramin lantarki kai tsaye da aka daidaita da rectang. (f) Eriya mai girman zobe ɗaya, mai girman lantarki tare da juriya mai rikitarwa don haɗawa da rectang. (g) Rectang mai girman broadband tare da juriya mai rikitarwa don haɗawa da rectang a kan mitoci daban-daban.
Duk da cewa WPT da RFEH na yanayi daga ciyarwar da aka keɓe aikace-aikacen rectenna daban ne, cimma daidaito tsakanin eriya, rectifier da kaya yana da mahimmanci don cimma ingantaccen juyar da wutar lantarki (PCE) daga mahangar bandwidth. Duk da haka, rectennas na WPT sun fi mai da hankali kan cimma daidaiton factor mafi girma (ƙasa da S11) don inganta PCE na single band a wasu matakan wutar lantarki (topologys a, e da f). Faɗin bandwidth na single band WPT yana inganta garkuwar tsarin don cirewa, lahani na ƙera da marufi. A gefe guda kuma, rectennas na RFEH suna ba da fifiko ga aikin multiband kuma suna cikin topologies bd da g, saboda yawan ƙarfin spectral (PSD) na single band gabaɗaya yana ƙasa.
3. Tsarin eriya mai kusurwa huɗu
1. Rectenna mai mita ɗaya
Tsarin eriya na rectenna mai mitoci ɗaya (topology A) ya dogara ne akan ƙirar eriya ta yau da kullun, kamar layin polarization (LP) ko zagaye polarization (CP) facin walƙiya akan ƙasa, eriya dipole da eriya mai juyi ta F. Rectenna mai bambancin band ya dogara ne akan jerin haɗin DC wanda aka tsara tare da na'urorin eriya da yawa ko haɗin DC da RF na na'urorin faci da yawa.
Tunda da yawa daga cikin eriya da aka gabatar eriya ne masu mita ɗaya kuma sun cika buƙatun WPT mai mita ɗaya, lokacin neman RFEH mai mita ɗaya, ana haɗa eriya da yawa masu mita ɗaya zuwa rectennas mai lamba da yawa (topology B) tare da danne haɗin gwiwa da haɗin DC mai zaman kansa bayan da'irar sarrafa wutar lantarki don ware su gaba ɗaya daga da'irar siyan RF da juyawa. Wannan yana buƙatar da'irori da yawa na sarrafa wutar lantarki ga kowane band, wanda zai iya rage ingancin mai canza wutar lantarki saboda ƙarfin DC na band ɗaya yana da ƙasa.
2. Eriya masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na RFEH
Sau da yawa ana danganta RFEH na muhalli da samun na'urori masu yawa; saboda haka, an gabatar da dabaru iri-iri don inganta girman ƙirar eriya ta yau da kullun da hanyoyin ƙirƙirar na'urori masu band biyu ko na'urori masu band. A cikin wannan sashe, muna sake duba ƙirar eriya ta musamman don RFEHs, da kuma na'urori masu band da yawa na gargajiya waɗanda ke da yuwuwar amfani da su azaman rectangular.
Eriya mai kama da na Coplanar waveguide (CPW) tana ɗauke da ƙasa da yanki fiye da eriya mai kama da microstrip a mita ɗaya kuma tana samar da raƙuman LP ko CP, kuma galibi ana amfani da su don murabba'in muhalli mai faɗi. Ana amfani da jiragen haske don ƙara warewa da haɓaka riba, wanda ke haifar da tsarin radiation kama da eriya mai kama da na faci. Ana amfani da eriya mai kama da na coplanar waveguide don inganta bandwidth impedance don madaukai masu yawa, kamar 1.8–2.7 GHz ko 1–3 GHz. Eriya mai kama da na faci kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin ƙirar madaukai masu yawa. Hoto na 3 yana nuna wasu eriya masu yawa da aka ruwaito waɗanda ke amfani da dabarun inganta bandwidth fiye da ɗaya.
Hoto na 3
Daidaitawar Impedance tsakanin Antenna da Rectifier
Daidaita eriya mai ƙarfin 50Ω da mai gyara mara layi yana da ƙalubale saboda ƙarfin shigarwarsa ya bambanta sosai da mita. A cikin yanayin A da B (Hoto na 2), hanyar sadarwa ta daidaitawa gama gari ita ce daidaitawar LC ta amfani da abubuwan da aka haɗa; duk da haka, bandwidth ɗin da ya dace yawanci yana ƙasa da yawancin hanyoyin sadarwa. Ana amfani da daidaitawar stub mai ƙarfi sau ɗaya a cikin madaukai na microwave da millimeter-wave ƙasa da 6 GHz, kuma rectennas na millimeter-wave da aka ruwaito suna da ƙaramin bandwidth saboda bandwidth ɗin PCE ɗinsu yana da matsala ta hanyar hana fitarwa, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace musamman don aikace-aikacen WPT mai ƙarfi sau ɗaya a cikin madaukai marasa lasisi na 24 GHz.
Rectanne a cikin topologies C da D suna da hanyoyin sadarwa masu rikitarwa. An gabatar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa na layi da aka rarraba cikakke don daidaitawar broadband, tare da RF block/DC short da'ira (tacewar wucewa) a tashar fitarwa ko kuma capacitor mai toshe DC a matsayin hanyar dawowa don harmonics na diode. Ana iya maye gurbin sassan rectifier da capacitors masu bugawa (PCB) waɗanda aka haɗa, waɗanda aka haɗa ta amfani da kayan aikin sarrafa kansa na ƙirar lantarki na kasuwanci. Sauran hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa na rectenna masu watsa shirye-shirye sun haɗa abubuwan da aka haɗa don daidaitawa zuwa ƙananan mitoci da abubuwan da aka rarraba don ƙirƙirar gajeriyar RF a shigarwar.
An yi amfani da canza yanayin shigarwar da aka lura da shi ta hanyar amfani da tushen tushe (wanda aka sani da dabarar jawo tushen tushe) don ƙirƙirar na'urar gyarawa mai girman 57% na bandwidth (1.25–2.25 GHz) da kuma 10% mafi girma na PCE idan aka kwatanta da da'irorin da aka haɗa ko aka rarraba. Kodayake galibi ana tsara hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa don daidaita eriya a kan dukkan bandwidth na 50Ω, akwai rahotanni a cikin wallafe-wallafen inda aka haɗa eriya mai girman kunkuntar rectifiers.
An yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na haɗakar abubuwa masu haɗakar abubuwa da kuma waɗanda aka rarraba su sosai a cikin tsarin C da D, tare da inductor da capacitors na jerin sune abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin tsarin. Waɗannan suna guje wa tsarin rikitarwa kamar capacitors masu haɗakar abubuwa, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙira da ƙera su daidai fiye da layin microstrip na yau da kullun.
Ƙarfin shigarwar da ke cikin na'urar gyara yana shafar ƙarfin shigarwar saboda rashin daidaituwar diode. Saboda haka, an tsara rectang ɗin don haɓaka PCE don takamaiman matakin ƙarfin shigarwa da juriyar kaya. Tunda diodes galibi suna da babban ƙarfin capacitive a mitoci ƙasa da 3 GHz, rectang ɗin broadband waɗanda ke kawar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa ko rage da'irorin daidaitawa masu sauƙi an mayar da hankali kan mitoci Prf>0 dBm da sama da 1 GHz, tunda diodes ɗin suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin capacitive kuma ana iya daidaita su da eriya sosai, don haka suna guje wa ƙirar eriya tare da amsawar shigarwa fiye da 1,000Ω.
An ga daidaiton impedance mai daidaitawa ko sake saitawa a cikin rectangular CMOS, inda hanyar sadarwa ta daidaitawa ta ƙunshi bankunan capacitor da inductors akan-chip. An kuma gabatar da hanyoyin sadarwa na daidaitawa na CMOS masu tsayayye don eriya na yau da kullun na 50Ω da kuma eriya na madauki da aka tsara tare. An ruwaito cewa ana amfani da na'urorin gano wutar lantarki na CMOS masu wucewa don sarrafa maɓallan da ke jagorantar fitowar eriya zuwa ga masu gyara daban-daban da hanyoyin sadarwa masu daidaitawa dangane da ƙarfin da ake da shi. An gabatar da hanyar sadarwa ta daidaitawa mai sake saitawa ta amfani da masu daidaita wutar lantarki masu juyawa, wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar gyarawa yayin auna tasirin shigarwa ta amfani da mai nazarin hanyar sadarwa ta vector. A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na daidaitawa na microstrip masu sake saitawa, an yi amfani da maɓallan transistor na tasirin filin don daidaita maƙallan daidaitawa don cimma halayen maɗaukaki biyu.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-09-2024
