Eriyama'auni shine tsarin ƙididdigewa da ƙididdige ayyukan eriya da halaye. Ta amfani da kayan gwaji na musamman da hanyoyin aunawa, muna auna riba, ƙirar radiation, rabon igiyar igiyar ruwa, amsa mitar da sauran sigogin eriyar don tabbatar da ko ƙayyadaddun ƙirar eriyar ta cika buƙatu, duba aikin eriya, da bayar da shawarwarin ingantawa. Za a iya amfani da sakamakon da bayanai daga ma'aunin eriya don kimanta aikin eriya, haɓaka ƙira, haɓaka aikin tsarin, da ba da jagora da martani ga masana'antun eriya da injiniyoyin aikace-aikace.
Kayan aikin da ake buƙata a Ma'aunin Antenna
Don gwajin eriya, na'urar da ta fi dacewa ita ce VNA.Mafi sauƙin nau'in VNA shine VNA mai tashar jiragen ruwa 1, wanda ke iya auna raunin eriya.
Auna tsarin hasken eriya, riba da inganci ya fi wahala kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki. Za mu kira eriya don auna AUT, wanda ke nufin Antenna Under Test. Kayan aikin da ake buƙata don ma'aunin eriya sun haɗa da:
eriya tunani - Eriya mai sanannun halaye (riba, tsari, da sauransu)
Mai watsa wutar lantarki na RF - Hanya ce ta allurar makamashi a cikin AUT [Antenna ƙarƙashin Gwaji]
Tsarin mai karɓa - Wannan yana ƙayyade yawan ƙarfin da aka karɓa ta eriyar tunani
Tsarin sakawa - Ana amfani da wannan tsarin don jujjuya eriya ta gwaji dangane da eriyar tushe, don auna ƙirar radiation a matsayin aikin kwana.
Ana nuna zanen toshe na kayan aikin da ke sama a hoto 1.
Hoto 1. Zane na kayan auna eriya da ake buƙata.
Za a tattauna waɗannan abubuwan a taƙaice. Antenna Reference yakamata ya haskaka da kyau a mitar gwajin da ake so. Eriya na magana galibi eriyar ƙahon mai-polarized ce, ta yadda za a iya auna polarization a kwance da na tsaye a lokaci guda.
Ya kamata tsarin watsawa ya kasance yana iya fitar da ingantaccen matakin wutar lantarki da aka sani. Mitar fitarwa ya kamata kuma ta kasance mai daidaitawa (zaɓi), kuma tabbatacciyar tsayayye (stable yana nufin cewa mitar da kuke samu daga mai watsawa tana kusa da mitar da kuke so, baya bambanta da yawa da zafin jiki). Ya kamata mai watsawa ya ƙunshi kuzari kaɗan a duk sauran mitoci (za a sami wasu kuzari a waje da mitar da ake so, amma bai kamata a sami ƙarfi mai yawa a cikin jituwa ba, alal misali).
Tsarin karɓa kawai yana buƙatar tantance adadin ƙarfin da aka karɓa daga eriyar gwaji. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar mitar wuta mai sauƙi, wanda shine na'ura don auna ƙarfin RF (mitar rediyo) kuma ana iya haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa tashoshin eriya ta hanyar layin watsawa (kamar kebul na coaxial tare da masu haɗin N-type ko SMA). Yawanci mai karɓa shine tsarin 50 Ohm, amma zai iya zama daban-daban impedance idan an ƙayyade.
Lura cewa ana yawan maye gurbin tsarin watsawa/karɓa da VNA. Ma'aunin S21 yana watsa mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa 1 kuma yana rubuta ikon da aka karɓa a tashar jiragen ruwa 2. Don haka, VNA ya dace da wannan aikin; duk da haka ba shine kawai hanyar yin wannan aikin ba.
Tsarin Matsayi yana sarrafa daidaitawar eriyar gwaji. Tunda muna son auna yanayin radiation na eriyar gwajin azaman aikin kwana (yawanci a cikin daidaitawar yanayi), muna buƙatar jujjuya eriyar gwaji ta yadda eriyar tushen ta haskaka eriyar gwajin daga kowane kusurwa mai yiwuwa. Ana amfani da tsarin sakawa don wannan dalili. A cikin hoto na 1, muna nuna AUT ana juyawa. Lura cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yin wannan juyawa; wani lokacin eriyar tunani tana jujjuyawa, wani lokacin kuma duka eriya da AUT suna jujjuya su.
Yanzu da muke da duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata, zamu iya tattauna inda za mu yi ma'auni.
Ina wuri mai kyau don ma'aunin eriyanmu? Wataƙila kuna son yin hakan a garejin ku, amma tunanin bango, rufi da bene zai sa ma'aunin ku ba daidai ba. Mafi kyawun wuri don yin ma'aunin eriya shine wani wuri a cikin sararin samaniya, inda babu tunani da zai iya faruwa. Koyaya, saboda balaguron sararin samaniya a halin yanzu yana da tsada sosai, za mu mai da hankali kan wuraren aunawa da ke saman duniya. Za'a iya amfani da ɗakin Anechoic don ware saitin gwajin eriya yayin ɗaukar kuzari mai haske tare da kumfa mai ɗaukar RF.
Wuraren Sarari Kyauta (Anechoic Chambers)
Wuraren sarari kyauta wurare ne na auna eriya da aka tsara don daidaita ma'aunin da za a yi a sarari. Wato, duk raƙuman ruwa da aka nuna daga abubuwan da ke kusa da ƙasa (waɗanda ba a so) ana murƙushe su gwargwadon yiwuwa. Shahararrun jeri na sarari kyauta sune ɗakunan anechoic, maɗaukakin jeri, da ƙarami.
Anechoic Chambers
Anechoic chambers sune kewayon eriya na cikin gida. Ganuwar, rufi da bene an lullube su da kayan ɗaukar igiyoyin lantarki na musamman. Matsakaicin cikin gida yana da kyawawa saboda yanayin gwaji na iya zama da ƙarfi sosai fiye da na kewayon waje. Abubuwan galibi suna jakunkuna cikin siffa kuma, yana sa waɗannan ɗakunan su zama masu ban sha'awa don gani. An ƙera sifofin triangle jagged ta yadda abin da aka nuna daga gare su ya kasance yana bazuwa a cikin bazuwar kwatance, kuma abin da aka haɗa tare daga duk tunanin bazuwar yana ƙoƙarin ƙarawa ba tare da haɗawa ba kuma don haka an danne shi gaba. Ana nuna hoton ɗakin anchoic a hoto mai zuwa, tare da wasu kayan gwaji:
(Hoton yana nuna gwajin eriya na RFMISO)
Rashin koma baya ga ɗakunan anechoic shine sau da yawa suna buƙatar zama babba. Yawancin eriya suna buƙatar zama nesa da juna da yawa aƙalla don daidaita yanayin filin nesa. Don haka, don ƙananan mitoci tare da manyan tsayin raƙuman ruwa muna buƙatar ɗakuna masu girma sosai, amma farashi da ƙuntatawa masu amfani galibi suna iyakance girman su. Wasu kamfanonin da ke ba da kwangilar tsaro da ke auna Sashen Radar Cross na manyan jiragen sama ko wasu abubuwa an san suna da ɗakunan dakunan da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ya kai girman kotunan ƙwallon kwando, kodayake wannan ba na yau da kullun ba ne. Jami'o'in da ke da ɗakunan anechoic yawanci suna da ɗakunan da ke da tsayin mita 3-5, faɗi da tsayi. Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan girman, kuma saboda abubuwan ɗaukar RF yawanci suna aiki mafi kyau a UHF kuma mafi girma, ana amfani da ɗakunan anechoic galibi don mitoci sama da 300 MHz.
Matsayin Maɗaukaki
Maɗaukakin Maɗaukaki sune kewayon waje. A cikin wannan saitin, tushen da eriya da ke ƙarƙashin gwaji suna hawa sama da ƙasa. Waɗannan eriya na iya kasancewa akan duwatsu, hasumiyai, gine-gine, ko duk inda mutum ya ga ya dace. Ana yin wannan sau da yawa don manyan eriya ko a ƙananan mitoci (VHF da ƙasa, <100 MHz) inda ma'aunin cikin gida ba zai yuwu ba. Ana nuna ainihin zane na kewayo mai tsayi a cikin hoto 2.
Hoto 2. Misali na kewayon da aka ɗaukaka.
Eriyar tushen (ko eriyar tunani) ba lallai ba ne a matsayi mafi girma fiye da eriyar gwaji, kawai na nuna ta haka nan. Layin gani (LOS) tsakanin eriya biyu (wanda aka kwatanta da baƙar ray a cikin Hoto 2) dole ne ya kasance ba tare da toshewa ba. Duk sauran tunani (kamar jajayen ray da ke fitowa daga ƙasa) ba a so. Don ingantattun jeri, da zarar an ƙayyade tushe da wurin gwajin eriya, masu aikin gwajin zasu tantance inda mahimman tunani zasu faru, kuma suyi ƙoƙarin rage tunani daga waɗannan saman. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kayan shafa rf don wannan dalili, ko wasu kayan da ke kawar da haskoki daga eriyar gwaji.
Karamin Matsaloli
Dole ne a sanya eriyar tushen a cikin nesa mai nisa na eriyar gwaji. Dalili kuwa shine igiyar da eriyar gwajin ta karɓa ya kamata ya zama igiyar jirgin sama don iyakar daidaito. Tunda eriya ke haskaka raƙuman ruwa mai zagaye, eriya tana buƙatar isasshe nisa kamar yadda igiyar da ke haskakawa daga eriyar tushe ta zama kamar igiyar jirgin sama - duba Hoto na 3.
Hoto 3. Eriya ta tushe tana haskaka igiyoyin ruwa tare da gefen igiyar igiyar ruwa.
Duk da haka, don ɗakunan cikin gida sau da yawa ba su da isasshen rabuwa don cimma wannan. Hanya ɗaya don gyara wannan matsala ita ce ta hanyar ƙarami. A cikin wannan hanyar, eriya ta tushe tana karkata zuwa ga mai nuni, wanda aka ƙera siffarsa don nuna madaidaicin igiyar ruwa ta kusan tsari. Wannan yayi kama da ƙa'idar da eriyar tasa ke aiki akansa. Ana nuna ainihin aiki a hoto na 4.
Hoto 4. Karamin Range - tãguwar ruwa mai siffar zobe daga eriyar tushe ana nuna su zama masu tsari (haɗuwa).
Ana son tsawon ma'aunin abin da ake so ya yi girma sau da yawa kamar eriyar gwaji. Eriyar tushen a cikin Hoto 4 an kashe shi daga mai haskakawa don kada ya kasance cikin hanyar haskoki. Dole ne kuma a kula don kiyaye kowane radiation kai tsaye (haɗin haɗin gwiwa) daga eriyar tushe zuwa eriyar gwaji.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-03-2024
