babban

Rarrabawar Antenna: Menene Rarrabawar Antenna kuma Me Yasa Yake Da Muhimmanci

Injiniyoyin lantarki sun san cewa eriya suna aika da karɓar sigina a cikin nau'in raƙuman makamashin lantarki (EM) da aka bayyana ta hanyar lissafin Maxwell. Kamar yadda yake da batutuwa da yawa, waɗannan daidaito, da yaduwar, halayen electromagnetism, ana iya nazarin su a matakai daban-daban, daga sharuɗɗan inganci zuwa daidaitattun rikitarwa.

Akwai fannoni da yawa game da yaɗuwar makamashin lantarki, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine polarization, wanda zai iya samun tasiri ko damuwa daban-daban a aikace-aikace da ƙirar eriya. Ka'idojin polarization na asali sun shafi duk radiation na lantarki, gami da RF/mara waya, makamashin gani, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen gani.

Menene polarization na eriya?

Kafin mu fahimci rarrabuwar kawuna (polarization), dole ne mu fara fahimtar ƙa'idodin raƙuman lantarki na asali. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa sun ƙunshi filayen lantarki (filayen E) da filayen maganadisu (filayen H) kuma suna tafiya a hanya ɗaya. Filayen E da H suna tsaye da juna kuma suna kan alkiblar yaɗuwar raƙuman jirgin sama.

Polarization yana nufin jirgin E-field daga mahangar mai watsa siginar: don polarization na kwance, filin lantarki zai motsa gefe a cikin jirgin kwance, yayin da don polarization na tsaye, filin lantarki zai yi juyawa sama da ƙasa a cikin jirgin tsaye. (hoto na 1).

8a188711dee25d778f12c25dee5a075

Hoto na 1: Raƙuman makamashin lantarki sun ƙunshi sassan filin E da H masu lanƙwasa juna

Rarraba layi da rabawa zagaye

Yanayin Polarization sun haɗa da:
A cikin rarrabuwar layi na asali, rarrabuwar layi biyu masu yuwuwa suna da daidaituwa (daidai) ga juna (Hoto na 2). A ka'ida, eriya mai karɓar rarrabuwa a kwance ba za ta "gan" sigina daga eriya mai rarrabuwa a tsaye ba kuma akasin haka, koda kuwa duka suna aiki a mita ɗaya. Mafi kyawun daidaiton su, ana ɗaukar sigina da yawa, kuma ana ƙara yawan canja wurin kuzari lokacin da rabuwar ta dace.

b0a73d40ee95f46973bf2d3ca64d094

Hoto na 2: Rarraba layi yana samar da zaɓuɓɓukan raba biyu a kusurwoyi madaidaita ga juna

Rarrabawar eriya mai karkace wani nau'in rarrabawar layi ne. Kamar rarrabawar layi a kwance da a tsaye, wannan rarrabawar layi kawai yana da ma'ana a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Rarrabawar layi mai karkace tana a kusurwar digiri ±45 zuwa ga matakin tunani na kwance. Duk da cewa wannan wani nau'i ne na rarrabawar layi, kalmar "layi" yawanci tana nufin eriya mai karkace a kwance ko a tsaye.
Duk da wasu asara, siginar da aka aika (ko aka karɓa) ta eriya mai kusurwa biyu ana iya amfani da ita ne kawai da eriya mai kusurwa biyu a kwance ko a tsaye. Eriya masu kusurwa biyu suna da amfani lokacin da ba a san rabuwar eriya ɗaya ko duka biyun ba ko kuma aka canza yayin amfani.
Rarrabawar zagaye (CP) ta fi rikitarwa fiye da rabawar layi. A cikin wannan yanayin, rabawar zagaye da vector filin E ke wakilta yana juyawa yayin da siginar ke yaduwa. Idan aka juya zuwa dama (duba daga mai watsawa), rabawar zagaye ana kiransa rabawar zagaye na hannun dama (RHCP); idan aka juya zuwa hagu, rabawar zagaye na hannun hagu (LHCP) (Hoto na 3)

6657b08065282688534ff25c56adb8b

Hoto na 3: A cikin rarrabuwar da'ira, vector na filin E na raƙuman lantarki yana juyawa; wannan juyawar na iya zama na hannun dama ko na hagu.

Siginar CP ta ƙunshi raƙuman orthogonal guda biyu waɗanda ba su cikin tsari. Ana buƙatar yanayi uku don samar da siginar CP. Dole ne filin E ya ƙunshi sassa biyu na orthogonal; sassan biyu dole ne su kasance digiri 90 daga tsari kuma daidai suke a girma. Hanya mai sauƙi don samar da CP ita ce amfani da eriya mai helical.

Raƙuman Elliptical (EP) wani nau'in CP ne. Raƙuman Elliptical Polarized sune ribar da raƙuman ruwa guda biyu masu layi biyu suka samar, kamar raƙuman CP. Lokacin da aka haɗa raƙuman ruwa guda biyu masu layi biyu masu layi biyu tare da matsakaicin da bai daidaita ba, ana samar da raƙuman elliptical Polarized.

An bayyana rashin daidaiton polarization tsakanin eriya ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin asarar polarization (PLF). Wannan siga ana bayyana ta a cikin decibels (dB) kuma aiki ne na bambancin kusurwar polarization tsakanin eriya mai watsawa da karɓa. A ka'ida, PLF na iya kasancewa daga 0 dB (babu asara) don eriya mai daidaito zuwa dB mara iyaka (rashin iyaka) don eriya mai daidaituwa daidai.

A zahiri, duk da haka, daidaitawar (ko rashin daidaito) na polarization ba cikakke bane saboda matsayin injin na eriya, halayen mai amfani, karkatar da tashoshi, tunani mai yawa, da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya haifar da wasu karkacewar kusurwa na filin lantarki da aka watsa. Da farko, za a sami "zubar" 10 - 30 dB ko fiye na siginar giciye-polarization daga polarization orthogonal, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya isa ya tsoma baki tare da dawo da siginar da ake so.

Sabanin haka, ainihin PLF na eriya biyu masu daidaitawa tare da madaidaicin rarrabuwa na iya zama 10 dB, 20 dB, ko fiye, ya danganta da yanayin, kuma yana iya kawo cikas ga dawo da sigina. A wata ma'anar, rarrabuwar polarization da PLF ba a yi niyya ba na iya aiki ta hanyoyi biyu ta hanyar tsoma baki ga siginar da ake so ko rage ƙarfin siginar da ake so.

Me yasa ake damuwa da polarization?

Polarization yana aiki ta hanyoyi biyu: idan eriya biyu suka daidaita kuma suna da polarization iri ɗaya, to ƙarfin siginar da aka karɓa zai fi kyau. Akasin haka, rashin daidaiton polarization yana sa ya fi wahala ga masu karɓa, ko dai waɗanda aka yi niyya ko waɗanda ba su gamsu ba, su kama isasshen siginar da ake sha'awa. A lokuta da yawa, "tashar" tana karkatar da polarization da aka watsa, ko kuma eriya ɗaya ko duka biyun ba sa cikin madaidaicin alkibla.

Zaɓin wace irin polarization za a yi amfani da ita yawanci ana ƙayyade ta ne ta hanyar shigarwa ko yanayin yanayi. Misali, eriya mai polarized a kwance za ta yi aiki mafi kyau kuma ta kula da polarization ɗinta lokacin da aka sanya ta kusa da silin; akasin haka, eriya mai polarized a tsaye za ta yi aiki mafi kyau kuma ta kula da polarization ɗinta lokacin da aka sanya ta kusa da bangon gefe.

Eriya mai amfani da dipole (ba ta da faɗi ko ta naɗe) tana kwance a kwance a yanayin hawa "na al'ada" (Hoto na 4) kuma sau da yawa ana juya ta digiri 90 don ɗaukar yanayin kwance a tsaye lokacin da ake buƙata ko don tallafawa yanayin kwance da aka fi so (Hoto na 5).

5b3cf64fd89d75059993ab20aeb96f9

Hoto na 4: Ana sanya eriya ta dipole a kwance a kan mast ɗinta don samar da rabuwar kwance

7f343a4c8bf0eb32f417915e6713236

Hoto na 5: Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar polarization a tsaye, ana iya ɗora eriyar dipole daidai inda eriyar ta kama.

Ana amfani da polarization na tsaye a rediyon hannu, kamar waɗanda masu amsawa na farko ke amfani da su, saboda yawancin ƙirar eriya na rediyo masu polarized a tsaye suma suna ba da tsarin radiation na al'ada. Saboda haka, irin waɗannan eriya ba dole ba ne a sake mayar da su ko da alkiblar rediyo da eriya sun canza.

Eriya masu mita mai tsayi 3 - 30 MHz (HF) galibi ana gina su ne a matsayin wayoyi masu sauƙi waɗanda aka haɗa a kwance tsakanin maƙallan. Tsawonsa yana ƙaddara ta hanyar tsawon tsayin (mita 10 - 100). Wannan nau'in eriya tana da alaƙa da juna ta halitta.

Ya kamata a lura cewa ambaton wannan rukunin a matsayin "mita mai yawa" ya fara shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, lokacin da 30 MHz ya kasance mai yawa. Duk da cewa wannan bayanin yanzu ya zama kamar ya tsufa, an sanya shi a hukumance ta Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai.

Ana iya tantance fifikon rarrabuwar ra'ayi ta hanyoyi biyu: ko dai ta amfani da raƙuman ƙasa don ƙarfafa siginar gajere ta hanyar kayan aikin watsa shirye-shirye ta amfani da band na matsakaicin wave na 300 kHz - 3 MHz (MW), ko kuma ta amfani da raƙuman sama na tsawon nisa ta hanyar ionosphere Link. Gabaɗaya, eriya masu rarrabuwar ra'ayi a tsaye suna da ingantaccen yaɗuwar raƙuman ƙasa, yayin da eriya masu rarrabuwar ra'ayi a kwance suna da ingantaccen aikin raƙuman sama.

Ana amfani da rarraba wutar lantarki ta zagaye sosai ga tauraron dan adam saboda yanayin tauraron dan adam dangane da tashoshin ƙasa da sauran tauraron dan adam yana canzawa koyaushe. Inganci tsakanin watsawa da karɓar eriya ya fi girma lokacin da duka biyun suka kasance masu rarraba wutar lantarki ta zagaye, amma ana iya amfani da eriya masu rarraba wutar lantarki ta layi tare da eriya ta CP, kodayake akwai abin da ke haifar da asarar wutar lantarki.

Polarization shima yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin 5G. Wasu jerin eriya na 5G masu shigarwa da yawa/fitarwa da yawa (MIMO) suna samun ƙarin fitarwa ta hanyar amfani da polarization don amfani da bakan da ake da shi yadda ya kamata. Ana samun wannan ta amfani da haɗakar polarizations daban-daban na sigina da multiplexing na sarari na eriya (bambancin sarari).

Tsarin zai iya aika kwararar bayanai guda biyu saboda kwararar bayanai suna da alaƙa da eriya masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka raba su da juna kuma ana iya dawo da su daban-daban. Ko da akwai wasu rarrabuwar ra'ayi tsakanin ra'ayoyi saboda karkatar hanya da tashar, tunani, hanyoyi da yawa, da sauran kurakurai, mai karɓar yana amfani da algorithms masu inganci don dawo da kowace siginar asali, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙimar kuskuren bit (BER) da kuma ingantaccen Amfani da Bakan.

a ƙarshe
Polarization muhimmin siffa ce ta eriya wadda galibi ana yin watsi da ita. Ana amfani da polarization mai layi (gami da kwance da tsaye), polarization mai lanƙwasa, polarization mai zagaye da polarization mai siffar elliptical don aikace-aikace daban-daban. Tsarin aikin RF na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe wanda eriya za ta iya cimma ya dogara da yanayinta da daidaitawarta. Eriya na yau da kullun suna da polarization daban-daban kuma sun dace da sassa daban-daban na bakan, suna ba da polarization da aka fi so don aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya.

Samfuran da aka ba da shawarar:

RM-DPHA2030-15

Sigogi

Na yau da kullun

Raka'a

Mita Tsakanin Mita

20-30

GHz

Riba

 15 Nau'i.

dBi

VSWR

1.3 Nau'i.

Rarrabuwa

Mai Haɗaka Biyu Layi mai layi

Keɓewa Tsakanin Pol.

60 Nau'i.

dB

Keɓewar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa

70 Nau'i.

dB

 Mai haɗawa

SMA-Female

Kayan Aiki

Al

Kammalawa

Fenti

Girman(L*W*H)

83.9*39.6*69.4(±5)

mm

Nauyi

0.074

kg

RM-BDHA118-10

Abu

Ƙayyadewa

Naúrar

Mita Tsakanin Mita

1-18

GHz

Riba

10 Nau'i.

dBi

VSWR

1.5 Nau'i.

Rarrabuwa

 Layi mai layi

Keɓewa a Cross Po.

30 Nau'i.

dB

 Mai haɗawa

SMA-Mace

Kammalawa

Pa'a ba

Kayan Aiki

Al

Girman(L*W*H)

182.4*185.1*116.6(±5)

mm

Nauyi

0.603

kg

RM-CDPHA218-15

Sigogi

Na yau da kullun

Raka'a

Mita Tsakanin Mita

2-18

GHz

Riba

15 Nau'i.

dBi

VSWR

1.5 Nau'i.

Rarrabuwa

Mai Haɗaka Biyu Layi mai layi

Keɓewa Tsakanin Pol.

40

dB

Keɓewar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa

40

dB

 Mai haɗawa

SMA-F

Maganin Fuskar

Pa'a ba

Girman(L*W*H)

276*147*147(±5)

mm

Nauyi

0.945

kg

Kayan Aiki

Al

Zafin Aiki

-40-+85

°C

RM-BDPHA9395-22

Sigogi

Na yau da kullun

Raka'a

Mita Tsakanin Mita

93-95

GHz

Riba

22 Nau'i.

dBi

VSWR

1.3 Nau'i.

Rarrabuwa

Mai Haɗaka Biyu Layi mai layi

Keɓewa Tsakanin Pol.

60 Nau'i.

dB

Keɓewar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa

Nau'i na 67.

dB

 Mai haɗawa

WR10

Kayan Aiki

Cu

Kammalawa

Zinare

Girman(L*W*H)

69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5)

mm

Nauyi

0.015

kg


Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-11-2024

Sami Takardar Bayanan Samfura