Injiniyoyi na lantarki sun san cewa eriya suna aikawa da karɓar sigina a cikin nau'in igiyoyin makamashi na lantarki (EM) wanda aka kwatanta da ma'aunin Maxwell. Kamar yadda yake da batutuwa da yawa, waɗannan ma'auni, da yaɗawa, kaddarorin electromagnetism, ana iya yin nazari a matakai daban-daban, daga ƙa'idodi masu inganci zuwa hadaddun daidaito.
Akwai fannoni da yawa na yaɗa makamashin lantarki, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine polarization, wanda zai iya samun tasiri daban-daban na tasiri ko damuwa a aikace-aikace da ƙirar eriya. Ka'idodin ƙa'idodin polarization sun shafi duk hasken lantarki na lantarki, gami da RF/mara waya, makamashi mai gani, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen gani.
Menene polarization eriya?
Kafin fahimtar polarization, dole ne mu fara fahimtar ainihin ƙa'idodin igiyoyin lantarki. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa sun ƙunshi filayen lantarki (Filayen E) da filayen maganadisu (filayen H) kuma suna tafiya ta hanya ɗaya. Filayen E da H suna daidai da juna kuma zuwa ga alkiblar yaduwar igiyar jirgin sama.
Polarization yana nufin jirgin E-filin daga mahangar siginar siginar: don haɓakar polarization a kwance, filin lantarki zai yi tafiya ta gefe a cikin jirgin sama na kwance, yayin da don daidaitawa ta tsaye, filin lantarki zai yi sama da ƙasa a cikin jirgin sama a tsaye. siffa 1).
Hoto 1: Raƙuman wutar lantarki na lantarki sun ƙunshi abubuwan haɗin filin E da H
Litattafan polarization da madauwari mai ma'ana
Hanyoyin ƙira sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
A cikin ainihin polarization na linzamin kwamfuta, yuwuwar polarizations guda biyu sune orthogonal (a kai tsaye) ga juna (Hoto 2). A ka'idar, eriya mai karɓuwa a kwance ba za ta “gani” sigina daga eriya mai ƙarfi a tsaye da akasin haka ba, ko da duka biyun suna aiki a mitoci iri ɗaya. Mafi kyawun daidaita su, ana samun ƙarin sigina, kuma ana haɓaka canjin makamashi lokacin da polarizations yayi daidai.
Hoto na 2: Ƙimar polarization na layi yana ba da zaɓuɓɓukan polarization guda biyu a kusurwoyi daidai ga juna
Matsakaici na eriya wani nau'in polarization ne na layi. Kamar ainihin polarization na kwance da tsaye, wannan polarization yana da ma'ana kawai a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Oblique polarization yana a kusurwar ± 45 digiri zuwa jirgin sama na kwance. Duk da yake wannan ainihin wani nau'i ne na polarization na linzamin kwamfuta, kalmar "mai layi" yawanci tana nufin eriya a kwance ko a tsaye.
Duk da wasu asara, sigina da aka aika (ko karɓa) ta eriyar diagonal suna yiwuwa tare da eriya a kwance ko a tsaye kawai. Eriya da ba su da kyau suna da amfani lokacin da ba a san polarization na eriya ɗaya ko biyu ba ko canje-canje yayin amfani.
Da'ira polarization (CP) ya fi rikitarwa fiye da polarization na layi. A cikin wannan yanayin, polarization da ke wakilta ta hanyar filin E yana juyawa yayin da siginar ke yaduwa. Lokacin da aka juya zuwa dama (a duba daga mai watsawa), madauwari mai ma'ana ana kiran polarization madauwari ta hannun dama (RHCP); lokacin da aka juya zuwa hagu, madauwari madauwari ta hannun hagu (LHCP) (Hoto na 3)
Hoto na 3: A cikin madauwari mai ma'ana, madaidaicin filin E na igiyoyin lantarki yana juyawa; wannan juyi na iya zama hannun dama ko na hagu
Siginar CP ta ƙunshi raƙuman ruwa na orthogonal guda biyu waɗanda ba su da lokaci. Ana buƙatar sharuɗɗa uku don samar da siginar CP. Dole ne filin E ya ƙunshi sassa biyu na orthogonal; sassan biyu dole ne su zama 90 digiri daga lokaci kuma daidai a cikin girman. Hanya mai sauƙi don samar da CP ita ce amfani da eriyar helical.
Elliptical polarization (EP) nau'in CP ne. Raƙuman ruwa mai tsaftar ɗabi'a shine ribar da tãguwar ruwa masu madaidaici biyu ke samarwa, kamar raƙuman ruwa na CP. Lokacin da aka haɗa raƙuman ruwa guda biyu masu tsayin daka masu tsayin daka waɗanda ba su daidaita ba, ana samar da igiyar igiyar igiya mai ɗaci.
Rashin daidaituwar polarization tsakanin eriya an kwatanta shi ta hanyar asarar polarization (PLF). Ana bayyana wannan siga a cikin decibels (dB) kuma aiki ne na bambanci a kusurwar polarization tsakanin eriya mai watsawa da karɓa. A ka'ida, PLF na iya kewayo daga 0 dB (babu asara) don ingantacciyar eriya mai daidaitawa zuwa dB mara iyaka (asara mara iyaka) don ingantacciyar eriya ta orthogonal.
A zahiri, duk da haka, daidaitawa (ko daidaitawa) na polarization ba cikakke ba ne saboda matsayin injin eriya, halayen mai amfani, murɗawar tashar, tunani mai yawa, da sauran abubuwan mamaki na iya haifar da wasu murdiya na angular filin lantarki da aka watsa. Da farko, za a sami 10 - 30 dB ko fiye na sigina giciye-polarization "leakage" daga orthogonal polarization, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya isa ya tsoma baki tare da dawo da siginar da ake so.
Sabanin haka, ainihin PLF don eriya guda biyu masu daidaitawa tare da ingantacciyar polarization na iya zama 10 dB, 20 dB, ko mafi girma, dangane da yanayi, kuma yana iya hana dawo da sigina. A wasu kalmomi, giciye-tsalle-tsalle da ba a yi niyya ba da PLF na iya yin aiki ta hanyoyi biyu ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da siginar da ake so ko rage ƙarfin siginar da ake so.
Me yasa damu game da polarization?
Polarization yana aiki ta hanyoyi biyu: ƙarin eriya biyu masu daidaitawa kuma suna da polarization iri ɗaya, mafi kyawun ƙarfin siginar da aka karɓa. Akasin haka, rashin daidaituwar polarization yana sa ya fi wahala ga masu karɓa, ko dai an yi niyya ko rashin gamsuwa, don kama isasshiyar siginar sha'awa. A yawancin lokuta, "tashar" tana karkatar da polarization da aka watsa, ko kuma ɗaya ko duka eriya ba su cikin madaidaiciyar hanya.
Zaɓin wanne polarization don amfani yawanci ana ƙaddara ta hanyar shigarwa ko yanayin yanayi. Misali, eriya a kwance a kwance za ta yi aiki mafi kyau kuma tana kula da polarization lokacin shigarta kusa da rufin; Akasin haka, eriyar da aka sanya ta a tsaye za ta yi aiki mafi kyau kuma ta kula da aikinta lokacin da aka shigar da ita kusa da bangon gefe.
Eriyar dipole da aka yi amfani da ita da yawa (a fili ko nadewa) ana yin polarized a kwance a cikin yanayin hawan sa na "al'ada" (Hoto na 4) kuma galibi ana juyawa digiri 90 don ɗaukar polarization na tsaye lokacin da ake buƙata ko don tallafawa yanayin polarization da aka fi so (Hoto 5).
Hoto na 4: Ana ɗora eriyar dipole akan mast ɗin sa a kwance don samar da polarization a kwance
Hoto 5: Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar polarization na tsaye, ana iya hawa eriyar dipole daidai inda eriyar ta kama.
Ana yawan amfani da polarization a tsaye don rediyon wayar hannu, kamar waɗanda masu amsawa na farko ke amfani da su, saboda yawancin ƙirar eriyar rediyo da ke tsaye suma suna ba da tsarin radiyo na ko'ina. Don haka, irin waɗannan eriya ba dole ba ne a sake daidaita su ko da hanyar rediyo da eriya sun canza.
3 - 30 MHz high mita (HF) eriya yawanci ana gina su azaman dogayen wayoyi masu sauƙi waɗanda aka haɗa su a kwance tsakanin maƙallan. Tsawon sa yana ƙayyade ta tsawon zangon (10 - 100 m). Irin wannan eriya ta dabi'a ce a kwance a kwance.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa yin la'akari da wannan rukunin a matsayin "high mita" ya fara shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, lokacin da 30 MHz ya kasance babban mitar. Ko da yake wannan bayanin a yanzu yana da alama ya tsufa, ƙirar hukuma ce ta Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Duniya kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ita sosai.
Za'a iya ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka fi so ta hanyoyi biyu: ko dai ta yin amfani da igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa don ingantaccen sigina na gajeren zango ta kayan aikin watsa shirye-shirye ta hanyar amfani da 300 kHz - 3 MHz matsakaici wave (MW), ko amfani da igiyoyin sama don nisa mai nisa ta hanyar haɗin ionosphere. Gabaɗaya magana, eriya masu tsatsauran ra'ayi suna da mafi kyawun yaɗuwar igiyar ruwa ta ƙasa, yayin da eriya masu tsatsauran ra'ayi suna da mafi kyawun aikin igiyar sama.
Ana amfani da da'ira mai da'ira sosai don tauraron dan adam saboda yanayin da tauraron dan adam ke fuskanta dangane da tashoshin kasa da sauran tauraron dan adam na canzawa koyaushe. Inganci tsakanin watsawa da karɓar eriya shine mafi girma lokacin da duka biyun ke da ma'amala da madauwari, amma ana iya amfani da eriya ta hanyar layi tare da eriyar CP, kodayake akwai ma'anar asarar polarization.
Polarization kuma yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin 5G. Wasu tsararrun eriya ta 5G mai yawan shigarwa/fitarwa da yawa (MIMO) suna samun ƙarin kayan aiki ta hanyar amfani da polarization don amfani da ingantaccen bakan da ke akwai. Ana samun wannan ta amfani da haɗe-haɗe na sigina daban-daban da ɗimbin yawa na eriya (bambancin sarari).
Tsarin na iya watsa rafukan bayanai guda biyu saboda an haɗa rafukan bayanan ta eriya masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu kuma ana iya dawo dasu da kansu. Ko da an sami wasu giciye-polarization saboda tafarki da murdiya, tunani, multipath, da sauran kurakurai, mai karɓar yana amfani da nagartattun algorithms don dawo da kowace siginar asali, yana haifar da ƙananan ƙimar kuskure (BER) kuma a ƙarshe ingantaccen amfani da bakan.
a karshe
Polarization wani muhimmin kayan eriya ne wanda galibi ana yin watsi da shi. Linear (ciki har da a kwance da a tsaye) polarization, polarization oblique, madauwari polarization da elliptical polarization ana amfani da su don aikace-aikace daban-daban. Matsakaicin aikin RF na ƙarshe-zuwa-ƙarshen da eriya zai iya cimma ya dogara da kusancinsa da daidaitawa. Daidaitaccen eriya suna da polarizations daban-daban kuma sun dace da sassa daban-daban na bakan, suna ba da fifikon polarization don aikace-aikacen manufa.
Abubuwan da aka Shawarar:
| RM-Saukewa: DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Ma'auni | Na al'ada | Raka'a |
| Yawan Mitar | 20-30 | GHz |
| Riba | 15 Nau'i. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Tip. | |
| Polarization | Dual Litattafai | |
| Cross Pol. Kaɗaici | 60 Tip. | dB |
| Keɓewar tashar jiragen ruwa | 70 Tip. | dB |
| Mai haɗawa | SMA-Fnamiji | |
| Kayan abu | Al | |
| Ƙarshe | Fenti | |
| Girman(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Nauyi | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Abu | Ƙayyadaddun bayanai | Naúrar |
| Yawan Mitar | 1-18 | GHz |
| Riba | 10 Nau'i. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nau'i. | |
| Polarization | Litattafai | |
| Cross Po. Kaɗaici | 30 Type. | dB |
| Mai haɗawa | SMA-Mace | |
| Ƙarshe | Pina | |
| Kayan abu | Al | |
| Girman(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Nauyi | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Ma'auni | Na al'ada | Raka'a |
| Yawan Mitar | 2-18 | GHz |
| Riba | 15 Nau'i. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nau'i. |
|
| Polarization | Dual Litattafai |
|
| Cross Pol. Kaɗaici | 40 | dB |
| Keɓewar tashar jiragen ruwa | 40 | dB |
| Mai haɗawa | SMA-F |
|
| Maganin Sama | Pina |
|
| Girman(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Nauyi | 0.945 | kg |
| Kayan abu | Al |
|
| Yanayin Aiki | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-Saukewa: BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Ma'auni | Na al'ada | Raka'a |
| Yawan Mitar | 93-95 | GHz |
| Riba | 22 typ. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Tip. |
|
| Polarization | Dual Litattafai |
|
| Cross Pol. Kaɗaici | 60 Tip. | dB |
| Keɓewar tashar jiragen ruwa | 67 Tip. | dB |
| Mai haɗawa | WR10 |
|
| Kayan abu | Cu |
|
| Ƙarshe | Zinariya |
|
| Girman(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2±5) | mm |
| Nauyi | 0.015 | kg |
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-11-2024
