1. Gabatarwa zuwa Eriya
Eriya tsarin canzawa ne tsakanin sarari kyauta da layin watsawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1. Layin watsawa zai iya kasancewa cikin nau'in layin coaxial ko bututu mai zurfi (waveguide), wanda ake amfani dashi don watsa makamashin lantarki daga tushe. zuwa eriya, ko daga eriya zuwa mai karɓa. Na farko eriya ce mai watsawa, kuma na ƙarshen eriya ce mai karɓa.
Hoto 1 Hanyar watsa makamashin lantarki (layin watsawa-tushen-sarari-marasa antenna)
Watsawar tsarin eriya a cikin yanayin watsawa na Hoto 1 yana wakilta ta Thevenin daidai kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2, inda tushen ke wakilta ta hanyar ingantacciyar siginar sigina, layin watsawa yana wakilta ta hanyar layi tare da madaidaicin impedance Zc, kuma eriya tana wakilta da kaya ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Juriya na lodi RL yana wakiltar gudanarwa da asarar dielectric da ke da alaƙa da tsarin eriya, yayin da Rr ke wakiltar juriya na eriya, kuma ana amfani da reactance XA don wakiltar ɓangaren hasashe na impedance mai alaƙa da radiation eriya. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, duk makamashin da aka samar ta hanyar siginar ya kamata a canza shi zuwa juriya na radiation Rr, wanda ake amfani da shi don wakiltar ikon radiation na eriya. Koyaya, a aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, akwai asarar madugu-dielectric saboda halayen layin watsawa da eriya, da kuma asarar da ta haifar da tunani (rashin daidaituwa) tsakanin layin watsawa da eriya. Yin la'akari da rashin daidaituwa na ciki na tushen da kuma yin watsi da layin watsawa da hasara (rashin daidaituwa), ana ba da iyakar iko ga eriya a ƙarƙashin haɗin haɗin gwiwa.
Hoto 2
Saboda rashin daidaituwa tsakanin layin watsawa da eriya, igiyoyin da aka nuna daga mahaɗar suna da nauyi tare da girgizar da ta faru daga tushen zuwa eriya don samar da igiyar igiyar tsaye, wanda ke wakiltar maida hankali da ajiyar kuzari kuma shine na'urar da ta dace. Tsarin igiyoyin igiyar ruwa na yau da kullun ana nuna shi ta layin dige-dige a cikin Hoto 2. Idan tsarin eriya ba a tsara shi yadda ya kamata ba, layin watsawa zai iya aiki azaman ɓangaren ajiyar makamashi zuwa babban matsayi, maimakon azaman jagorar igiyar ruwa da na'urar watsa makamashi.
Asarar da layin watsa, eriya da igiyoyin ruwa suka haifar ba a so. Za'a iya rage yawan asarar layi ta hanyar zaɓar ƙananan layin watsawa, yayin da asarar eriya za a iya ragewa ta hanyar rage juriya da RL ke wakilta a cikin Hoto 2. Za'a iya rage raƙuman ruwa na tsaye kuma ana iya rage girman ajiyar makamashi a cikin layi ta hanyar daidaitawa da impedance. eriya (load) tare da halayen halayen layi.
A cikin tsarin mara waya, ban da karɓa ko watsa makamashi, ana buƙatar eriya yawanci don haɓaka makamashi mai haskakawa a wasu kwatance da kuma murƙushe hasken wuta a wasu wurare. Don haka, ban da na'urorin ganowa, dole ne a yi amfani da eriya a matsayin na'urorin jagora. Eriya na iya zama ta nau'i daban-daban don saduwa da takamaiman buƙatu. Yana iya zama waya, buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗiya, faci, haɗaɗɗun abubuwa (tsari), mai nuni, ruwan tabarau, da sauransu.
A cikin tsarin sadarwa mara waya, eriya na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi mahimmanci. Kyakkyawan ƙirar eriya na iya rage buƙatun tsarin da haɓaka aikin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Misali na yau da kullun shine talabijin, inda za'a iya inganta liyafar watsa shirye-shirye ta amfani da eriya masu inganci. Eriya shine tsarin sadarwa abin da idanu ke ga mutane.
2. Rarraba Antenna
1. Wire Eriya
Eriya ta waya tana daya daga cikin nau'ikan eriya da aka fi samunsu saboda kusan ko'ina ana samun su - motoci, gine-gine, jiragen ruwa, jirage, jiragen sama, da dai sauransu. Akwai nau'ikan eriyar waya iri-iri, kamar madaidaiciyar layi (dipole), madauki, karkace. kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3. Eriyas na madauki ba kawai suna buƙatar zama madauwari ba. Suna iya zama rectangular, murabba'i, murabba'i ko kowane nau'i. Eriyar madauwari ita ce ta fi kowa yawa saboda tsarinsa mai sauƙi.
Hoto 3
2. Aperture Eriya
Aperture eriya suna taka rawa sosai saboda karuwar buƙatun nau'ikan eriya masu rikitarwa da kuma amfani da mitoci masu girma. Wasu nau'ikan eriya na buɗaɗɗen eriya (dala, madaidaicin eriya na ƙaho na rectangular) ana nuna su a cikin Hoto na 4. Irin wannan eriyar tana da amfani sosai ga aikace-aikacen jiragen sama da na jirage saboda ana iya ɗora su sosai a kan harsashi na waje na jirgin ko jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya rufe su da wani nau'i na kayan aikin dielectric don kare su daga mummunan yanayi.
Hoto 4
3. Microstrip eriya
Eriya na Microstrip sun zama sananne sosai a cikin 1970s, galibi don aikace-aikacen tauraron dan adam. Eriya ta ƙunshi ma'aunin wutan lantarki da facin ƙarfe. Faci na karfe na iya samun siffofi daban-daban, kuma eriyar faci na rectangular da aka nuna a hoto na 5 shine ya fi kowa. Eriya na Microstrip suna da ƙananan bayanan martaba, sun dace da tsararru da wuraren da ba na tsari ba, suna da sauƙi kuma maras tsada don ƙerawa, suna da ƙarfin ƙarfi lokacin da aka ɗora su a kan tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma suna dacewa da ƙirar MMIC. Ana iya dora su a saman jiragen sama, jiragen sama, tauraron dan adam, makamai masu linzami, motoci, har ma da na'urorin tafi da gidanka kuma ana iya kera su daidai gwargwado.
Hoto 5
4. Array Eriya
Halayen radiation da aikace-aikace da yawa ke buƙata bazai samu ta hanyar eriya ɗaya ba. Tsarin eriya na iya yin radiation daga abubuwan da aka haɗa don samar da mafi girman radiation a cikin takamaiman kwatance ɗaya ko fiye, ana nuna misali na yau da kullun a cikin Hoto na 6.
Hoto 6
5. Reflector Eriya
Nasarar binciken sararin samaniya ya kuma haifar da saurin haɓaka ka'idar eriya. Saboda buƙatar sadarwa mai nisa, dole ne a yi amfani da eriya masu fa'ida sosai don watsawa da karɓar sigina miliyoyi mil nesa. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen, nau'in eriyar gama gari ita ce eriyar parabolic da aka nuna a hoto na 7. Irin wannan eriyar tana da diamita na mita 305 ko fiye, kuma irin wannan girman girman ya zama dole don cimma babban riba da ake buƙata don watsawa ko karɓar sigina miliyoyin. mil mil. Wani nau'i na tunani shine mai nuna kusurwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 7 (c).
Hoto 7
6. Lens Eriya
Ana amfani da ruwan tabarau da farko don haɗa makamashin da ke tarwatsewa don hana shi yaɗuwa a wuraren da ba a so. Ta hanyar canza yanayin yanayin ruwan tabarau daidai da zaɓin kayan da ya dace, za su iya canza nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban zuwa raƙuman ruwa. Ana iya amfani da su a mafi yawan aikace-aikace kamar eriya mai nuna alamar parabolic, musamman a mafi girma mitoci, kuma girmansu da nauyinsu ya zama babba a ƙananan mitoci. An rarraba eriyar ruwan tabarau bisa ga kayan aikinsu ko sifofin geometric, wasu daga cikinsu ana nuna su a hoto na 8.
Hoto 8
Don ƙarin koyo game da eriya, da fatan za a ziyarci:
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-19-2024
