Labarai - Gabatarwa da rarraba wasu eriya na gama gari

1. Gabatarwa ga Entennas
Eriya tsari ne na sauyawa tsakanin sarari kyauta da layin watsawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1. Layin watsawa na iya zama a cikin nau'in layin coaxial ko bututu mai rami (jagorar wave), wanda ake amfani da shi don aika makamashin lantarki daga tushe zuwa eriya, ko daga eriya zuwa mai karɓa. Na farko eriya ce mai watsawa, na biyu kuma eriya ce mai karɓa.

Hoto na 1 Hanyar watsa makamashin lantarki (sararin samaniya mara igiyar lantarki)

Ana wakiltar watsa tsarin eriya a yanayin watsawa na Hoto na 1 ta hanyar daidai da Thevenin kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2, inda tushen ya kasance yana wakiltar injin samar da sigina mai kyau, layin watsawa yana wakiltar layi mai halayyar juriyar Zc, kuma eriya tana wakiltar nauyin ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. RL juriyar kaya yana wakiltar asarar watsawa da asarar dielectric da ke da alaƙa da tsarin eriya, yayin da Rr yana wakiltar juriyar radiation na eriya, kuma ana amfani da amsawar XA don wakiltar ɓangaren tunani na impedance da ke da alaƙa da radiation na eriya. A ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, duk kuzarin da tushen siginar ke samarwa ya kamata a canja shi zuwa Rr juriyar radiation, wanda ake amfani da shi don wakiltar ƙarfin radiation na eriya. Duk da haka, a aikace-aikace, akwai asarar conductor-dielectric saboda halayen layin watsawa da eriya, da kuma asarar da aka haifar da tunani (rashin daidaituwa) tsakanin layin watsawa da eriya. Idan aka yi la'akari da tasirin tushen da kuma yin watsi da asarar layin watsawa da tunani (rashin daidaituwa), ana samar da matsakaicin ƙarfi ga eriya a ƙarƙashin daidaitawar haɗin gwiwa.

Hoto na 2

Saboda rashin daidaito tsakanin layin watsawa da eriya, raƙuman da aka nuna daga mahaɗin suna haɗuwa da raƙuman da suka faru daga tushe zuwa eriya don samar da raƙuman da ke tsaye, wanda ke wakiltar yawan kuzari da ajiya kuma na'urar resonant ce ta yau da kullun. An nuna tsarin raƙuman da ke tsaye na yau da kullun ta hanyar layin da ke da dige-dige a Hoto na 2. Idan ba a tsara tsarin eriya yadda ya kamata ba, layin watsawa zai iya aiki azaman abin adana makamashi zuwa babban mataki, maimakon a matsayin jagorar raƙuman ruwa da na'urar watsa makamashi.
Asarar da layin watsawa, eriya da raƙuman ruwa masu tsayawa ke haifarwa ba su da kyau. Ana iya rage asarar layi ta hanyar zaɓar layukan watsawa masu ƙarancin asara, yayin da asarar eriya za a iya rage ta ta hanyar rage juriyar asara da RL ta wakilta a Hoto na 2. Ana iya rage raƙuman ruwa masu tsayawa kuma ana iya rage ajiyar makamashi a cikin layin ta hanyar daidaita juriyar eriya (nauyi) da halayyar juriyar layin.
A cikin tsarin mara waya, ban da karɓar makamashi ko watsa shi, yawanci ana buƙatar eriya don haɓaka makamashin da aka watsa a wasu hanyoyi da kuma danne makamashin da aka watsa a wasu hanyoyi. Saboda haka, baya ga na'urorin ganowa, dole ne a yi amfani da eriya a matsayin na'urorin jagora. Eriya na iya kasancewa a cikin nau'i daban-daban don biyan takamaiman buƙatu. Yana iya zama waya, buɗewa, faci, haɗa abubuwa (jeri), mai nuna haske, ruwan tabarau, da sauransu.

A cikin tsarin sadarwa mara waya, eriya suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikinta. Kyakkyawan ƙirar eriya na iya rage buƙatun tsarin da inganta aikin tsarin gabaɗaya. Misali na yau da kullun shine talabijin, inda za a iya inganta karɓar watsa shirye-shirye ta amfani da eriya masu aiki mai girma. Eriya suna ga tsarin sadarwa kamar yadda ido yake ga mutane.

2. Rarraba Eriya
1. Eriya ta Waya
Eriya ta waya tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan eriya da aka fi sani saboda ana samun su kusan ko'ina - motoci, gine-gine, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, sararin samaniya, da sauransu. Akwai siffofi daban-daban na eriya ta waya, kamar layi madaidaiciya (dipole), madauki, karkace, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3. Eriya ta madauki ba wai kawai tana buƙatar zama zagaye ba. Suna iya zama murabba'i, murabba'i, oval ko kowace siffa. Eriya mai zagaye ita ce ta fi yawa saboda tsarinta mai sauƙi.

Hoto na 3

2. Eriya Mai Buɗewa
Eriya ta aperture tana taka muhimmiyar rawa saboda ƙaruwar buƙatar nau'ikan eriya masu rikitarwa da kuma amfani da mitoci masu girma. Wasu nau'ikan eriya ta aperture (eriya ta pyramidal, conical da rectangular) an nuna su a Hoto na 4. Wannan nau'in eriya tana da matuƙar amfani ga aikace-aikacen jiragen sama da sararin samaniya saboda ana iya ɗora su cikin sauƙi a kan harsashin waje na jirgin sama ko sararin samaniya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya rufe su da wani Layer na kayan dielectric don kare su daga yanayi mai tsauri.

Hoto na 4

3. Eriya ta Microstrip
Eriya ta Microstrip ta shahara sosai a shekarun 1970, musamman don amfani da tauraron dan adam. Eriya ta ƙunshi wani abu mai kama da dielectric substrate da kuma wani ƙarfe. Facin ƙarfe na iya samun siffofi daban-daban, kuma eriya mai siffar murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i da aka nuna a Hoto na 5 ita ce ta fi yawa. Eriya ta Microstrip ba ta da siffar da ta dace, ta dace da saman planar da ba planar ba, suna da sauƙi kuma masu araha don ƙera su, suna da ƙarfi sosai lokacin da aka ɗora su a saman da ya taurare, kuma sun dace da ƙirar MMIC. Ana iya ɗora su a saman jirgin sama, jiragen sama, tauraron ɗan adam, makamai masu linzami, motoci, har ma da na'urorin hannu kuma ana iya tsara su daidai gwargwado.

Hoto na 5

4. Eriya Mai Zane
Ba za a iya cimma halayen radiation da ake buƙata ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa da yawa ta hanyar amfani da eriya ɗaya ba. Jerin eriya na iya yin radiation daga abubuwan da aka haɗa don samar da mafi girman radiation a cikin takamaiman kwatance, misali na yau da kullun an nuna shi a Hoto na 6.

Hoto na 6

5. Eriya Mai Nuni
Nasarar binciken sararin samaniya ta kuma haifar da saurin ci gaban ka'idar eriya. Saboda buƙatar sadarwa mai nisa sosai, dole ne a yi amfani da eriya masu girman gaske don watsawa da karɓar sigina miliyoyi nesa. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen, nau'in eriya ta gama gari shine eriya mai kama da parabolic da aka nuna a Hoto na 7. Wannan nau'in eriya tana da diamita na mita 305 ko fiye, kuma irin wannan babban girma yana da mahimmanci don cimma babban riba da ake buƙata don watsawa ko karɓar sigina mil mil mil. Wani nau'in reflector shine reflector na kusurwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7 (c).

Hoto na 7

6. Eriya ta Ruwan tabarau
Ana amfani da ruwan tabarau musamman don haɗa makamashin da ya watse don hana shi yaɗuwa a cikin alkiblar hasken da ba a so. Ta hanyar canza yanayin ruwan tabarau yadda ya kamata da kuma zaɓar kayan da suka dace, suna iya canza nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban zuwa raƙuman jirgin sama. Ana iya amfani da su a yawancin aikace-aikace kamar eriya mai nuna haske ta parabolic, musamman a manyan mitoci, kuma girmansu da nauyinsu suna girma sosai a ƙananan mitoci. An rarraba eriya na ruwan tabarau bisa ga kayan gini ko siffofi na geometric, waɗanda aka nuna wasu daga cikinsu a Hoto na 8.