Tare da karuwar shaharar na'urorin mara waya, ayyukan bayanai sun shiga wani sabon lokaci na ci gaba cikin sauri, wanda kuma aka sani da karuwar ayyukan bayanai. A halin yanzu, adadi mai yawa na aikace-aikace suna ƙaura daga kwamfutoci zuwa na'urori marasa waya kamar wayoyin hannu waɗanda suke da sauƙin ɗauka da aiki a ainihin lokaci, amma wannan yanayin ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar zirga-zirgar bayanai cikin sauri da ƙarancin albarkatun bandwidth. A cewar ƙididdiga, ƙimar bayanai a kasuwa na iya kaiwa Gbps ko ma Tbps a cikin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 masu zuwa. A halin yanzu, sadarwa ta THZ ta kai ƙimar bayanai ta Gbps, yayin da ƙimar bayanai ta Tbps har yanzu tana cikin matakan farko na ci gaba. Wata takarda mai alaƙa ta lissafa sabon ci gaba a cikin ƙimar bayanai ta Gbps bisa ga ƙungiyar THZ kuma ta annabta cewa ana iya samun Tbps ta hanyar yawan polarization. Saboda haka, don ƙara yawan watsa bayanai, mafita mai yiwuwa ita ce ƙirƙirar sabon rukunin mita, wanda shine ƙungiyar terahertz, wanda ke cikin "yankin da babu komai" tsakanin microwaves da hasken infrared. A taron sadarwa na duniya na ITU (WRC-19) a shekarar 2019, an yi amfani da mitar 275-450GHz don ayyukan wayar hannu na zamani da na ƙasa. Ana iya ganin cewa tsarin sadarwa mara waya na terahertz ya jawo hankalin masu bincike da yawa.
Gabaɗaya, raƙuman lantarki na Terahertz ana bayyana su a matsayin mizanin mita na 0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) tare da tsawon tsayi na 0.03-3 mm. Dangane da ƙa'idar IEEE, an ayyana raƙuman terahertz a matsayin 0.3-10THz. Hoto na 1 ya nuna cewa mizanin terahertz yana tsakanin microwaves da hasken infrared.
Hoto na 1. Tsarin zane na mitar THz.
Ci gaban Terahertz Entennas
Duk da cewa binciken terahertz ya fara ne a ƙarni na 19, ba a yi nazarinsa a matsayin wani fanni mai zaman kansa ba a wancan lokacin. Binciken da aka yi kan hasken terahertz ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan hasken infrared mai nisa. Sai a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 zuwa ƙarshensa ne masu bincike suka fara haɓaka binciken raƙuman millimeter zuwa ga ƙungiyar terahertz tare da gudanar da bincike na fasaha na terahertz na musamman.
A shekarun 1980, fitowar hanyoyin hasken terahertz sun sa amfani da raƙuman terahertz a cikin tsarin aiki ya yiwu. Tun daga ƙarni na 21, fasahar sadarwa mara waya ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, kuma buƙatar mutane don bayanai da ƙaruwar kayan aikin sadarwa sun gabatar da ƙarin buƙatu masu tsauri kan saurin watsa bayanai na sadarwa. Saboda haka, ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen fasahar sadarwa ta gaba shine aiki a babban ƙimar bayanai na gigabits a kowace daƙiƙa a wuri ɗaya. A ƙarƙashin ci gaban tattalin arziki na yanzu, albarkatun bakan sun zama ƙaranci. Duk da haka, buƙatun ɗan adam don ƙarfin sadarwa da saurin bakan ba su da iyaka. Don matsalar cunkoson bakan, kamfanoni da yawa suna amfani da fasahar shigar da yawa-fitarwa (MIMO) don inganta ingancin bakan da ƙarfin tsarin ta hanyar ninka sarari. Tare da ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa na 5G, saurin haɗin bayanai na kowane mai amfani zai wuce Gbps, kuma zirga-zirgar bayanai na tashoshin tushe suma za su ƙaru sosai. Ga tsarin sadarwa na millimeter na gargajiya, hanyoyin haɗin microwave ba za su iya sarrafa waɗannan manyan kwararar bayanai ba. Bugu da ƙari, saboda tasirin layin gani, nisan watsawa na sadarwa ta infrared ya yi gajere kuma wurin da kayan aikin sadarwa suke an daidaita shi. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da raƙuman THZ, waɗanda ke tsakanin microwaves da infrared, don gina tsarin sadarwa mai sauri da kuma ƙara yawan watsa bayanai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin THZ.
Taguwar ruwa ta Terahertz na iya samar da faffadan bandwidth na sadarwa, kuma kewayon mitar sa ya ninka sau 1000 na sadarwar wayar hannu. Saboda haka, amfani da THZ don gina tsarin sadarwa mara waya mai saurin gaske mafita ce mai kyau ga ƙalubalen yawan bayanai, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin bincike da masana'antu da yawa. A watan Satumba na 2017, an fitar da ma'aunin sadarwa mara waya na farko na THZ IEEE 802.15.3d-2017, wanda ke bayyana musayar bayanai daga maki zuwa maki a cikin ƙananan kewayon mitar THZ na 252-325 GHz. Madadin Layer na zahiri (PHY) na hanyar haɗin zai iya cimma ƙimar bayanai har zuwa 100 Gbps a bandwidth daban-daban.
An kafa tsarin sadarwa na farko mai nasara na THZ na 0.12 THZ a shekarar 2004, kuma an cimma tsarin sadarwa na THZ na 0.3 THZ a shekarar 2013. Tebur na 1 ya lissafa ci gaban bincike na tsarin sadarwa na terahertz a Japan daga 2004 zuwa 2013.
Tebur 1 Ci gaban bincike na tsarin sadarwa na terahertz a Japan daga 2004 zuwa 2013
Kamfanin Nippon Telegraph da Telephone Corporation (NTT) sun yi cikakken bayani game da tsarin eriya na tsarin sadarwa da aka haɓaka a shekarar 2004 a shekarar 2005. An gabatar da tsarin eriya a cikin yanayi biyu, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2.
Hoto na 2 Tsarin zane na tsarin sadarwa mara waya na NTT 120 GHz na Japan
Tsarin yana haɗa juyawar hoto da eriya kuma yana ɗaukar yanayi biyu na aiki:
1. A cikin yanayin cikin gida mai kusanci, na'urar watsawa ta eriya mai siffar murabba'i da ake amfani da ita a cikin gida ta ƙunshi guntu mai ɗaukar hotodiode mai layi ɗaya (UTC-PD), eriya mai siffar murabba'i da kuma ruwan tabarau na silicon, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2(a).
2. A cikin yanayi mai nisa na waje, domin inganta tasirin babban asarar watsawa da ƙarancin amsawar na'urar ganowa, dole ne eriyar watsawa ta sami babban riba. Eriyar terahertz da ke akwai tana amfani da ruwan tabarau na Gaussian mai gani tare da ƙarin riba fiye da 50 dBi. Haɗin ƙaho na ciyarwa da ruwan tabarau na dielectric an nuna su a Hoto na 2(b).
Baya ga ƙirƙirar tsarin sadarwa na 0.12 THZ, NTT ta kuma ƙirƙiro tsarin sadarwa na 0.3THz a shekarar 2012. Ta hanyar ci gaba da ingantawa, saurin watsawa zai iya kaiwa 100Gbps. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Tebur 1, ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban sadarwa ta terahertz. Duk da haka, aikin bincike na yanzu yana da rashin amfani da ƙarancin mitar aiki, girma mai yawa da tsada mai yawa.
Yawancin eriya ta terahertz da ake amfani da su a yanzu ana gyara su ne daga eriya ta millimeter wave, kuma akwai ƙarancin kirkire-kirkire a cikin eriya ta terahertz. Saboda haka, domin inganta aikin tsarin sadarwa na terahertz, muhimmin aiki shine inganta eriya ta terahertz. Tebur na 2 ya lissafa ci gaban bincike na sadarwa ta THZ ta Jamus. Hoto na 3 (a) ya nuna tsarin sadarwa mara waya na THZ mai wakiltar wanda ya haɗa da photonics da na'urorin lantarki. Hoto na 3 (b) ya nuna yanayin gwajin ramin iska. Idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin bincike na yanzu a Jamus, bincikensa da ci gabansa suma suna da rashin amfani kamar ƙarancin mitar aiki, farashi mai yawa da ƙarancin inganci.
Tebur na 2 Ci gaban bincike na sadarwa ta THZ a Jamus
Hoto na 3 Wurin gwajin ramin iska
Cibiyar ICT ta CSIRO ta kuma fara bincike kan tsarin sadarwa mara waya ta cikin gida ta THZ. Cibiyar ta yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin shekara da mitar sadarwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4. Kamar yadda aka gani daga Hoto na 4, nan da shekarar 2020, bincike kan sadarwa mara waya ya fi karkata ga ma'aunin THZ. Matsakaicin mitar sadarwa ta amfani da bakan rediyo yana ƙaruwa kusan sau goma a kowace shekara ashirin. Cibiyar ta ba da shawarwari kan buƙatun eriya ta THZ da kuma eriya ta gargajiya da aka gabatar kamar ƙaho da ruwan tabarau don tsarin sadarwa ta THZ. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5, eriya ta ƙaho biyu suna aiki a 0.84THz da 1.7THz bi da bi, tare da tsari mai sauƙi da kyakkyawan aikin hasken Gaussian.
Hoto na 4 Alaƙa tsakanin shekara da mita
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Hoto na 5 Nau'ikan eriya biyu na ƙaho
Amurka ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan fitar da hayaki da kuma gano raƙuman terahertz. Shahararrun dakunan gwaje-gwajen bincike na terahertz sun haɗa da Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), US National Laboratory (LLNL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), da sauransu. An tsara sabbin terahertz eriya don aikace-aikacen terahertz, kamar su bowtie eriyas da mitar beam steering eriyas. Dangane da ci gaban terahertz eriyas, za mu iya samun ra'ayoyi guda uku na ƙira don eriyas terahertz a halin yanzu, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 6.
Hoto na 6 Ra'ayoyi uku na asali na ƙira don eriya ta terahertz
Binciken da ke sama ya nuna cewa duk da cewa ƙasashe da yawa sun mai da hankali sosai ga eriya ta terahertz, har yanzu tana cikin matakin bincike da haɓakawa na farko. Saboda yawan asarar yaɗuwa da kuma shan ƙwayoyin halitta, eriya ta THZ galibi ana iyakance ta ta hanyar nisan watsawa da ɗaukar hoto. Wasu nazarin sun mayar da hankali kan ƙananan mitoci na aiki a cikin band na THZ. Binciken eriya ta terahertz da ke akwai galibi yana mai da hankali kan inganta riba ta amfani da eriya ta ruwan tabarau ta dielectric, da sauransu, da kuma inganta ingancin sadarwa ta amfani da algorithms masu dacewa. Bugu da ƙari, yadda ake inganta ingancin marufi na eriya ta terahertz shi ma batu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci.
Eriya ta THZ ta Janar
Akwai nau'ikan eriya ta THZ da yawa da ake da su: eriya ta dipole mai ramuka masu siffar mazugi, jerin hasken kusurwa, dipoles na bowtie, eriya ta planar ta ruwan tabarau ta dielectric, eriya mai ɗaukar hoto don samar da tushen hasken THZ, eriya ta ƙaho, eriya ta THZ bisa kayan graphene, da sauransu. Dangane da kayan da ake amfani da su don yin eriya ta THZ, ana iya raba su kusan zuwa eriya ta ƙarfe (galibi eriya ta ƙaho), eriya ta dielectric (eriya ta ruwan tabarau), da sabbin eriya ta kayan aiki. Wannan sashe da farko yana ba da bincike na farko game da waɗannan eriya, sannan a sashe na gaba, an gabatar da eriya ta THZ guda biyar na yau da kullun dalla-dalla kuma an yi nazari a zurfi.
1. Eriya na ƙarfe
Eriya ta ƙaho eriya ce ta ƙarfe da aka ƙera don yin aiki a cikin madaurin THZ. Eriya ta mai karɓar raƙuman milimita na gargajiya ƙaho ce mai siffar mazugi. Eriya masu siffar corrugated da na yanayi biyu suna da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da tsarin hasken da ke juyawa, babban riba na 20 zuwa 30 dBi da ƙarancin matakin polarization na -30 dB, da kuma ingancin haɗin gwiwa na 97% zuwa 98%. Bambance-bambancen da ake da su na eriya biyu na ƙaho sune 30%-40% da 6%-8%, bi da bi.
Tunda yawan raƙuman terahertz yana da yawa sosai, girman eriyar ƙaho ƙarami ne, wanda hakan ke sa sarrafa ƙaho ya yi wahala, musamman a cikin ƙirar jerin eriya, kuma sarkakiyar fasahar sarrafawa tana haifar da tsadar kuɗi da ƙarancin samarwa. Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen kera ƙaho mai rikitarwa, yawanci ana amfani da eriya mai sauƙi ta ƙaho mai siffar mazugi ko mazugi, wanda zai iya rage farashi da sarkakiyar sarrafawa, kuma ana iya kiyaye aikin radiation na eriya sosai.
Wata eriya ta ƙarfe kuma ita ce eriya mai siffar pyramid mai siffar raƙuman ruwa, wadda ta ƙunshi eriya mai siffar raƙuman ruwa mai motsi wadda aka haɗa a kan fim ɗin dielectric mai girman micron 1.2 kuma aka rataye ta a cikin rami mai tsayi wanda aka zana a kan wafer silicon, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7. Wannan eriya tsari ne mai buɗewa wanda ya dace da diodes na Schottky. Saboda tsarinta mai sauƙi da ƙarancin buƙatun masana'antu, gabaɗaya ana iya amfani da ita a cikin madaurin mita sama da 0.6 THz. Duk da haka, matakin gefen gefe da matakin polarization na eriya suna da yawa, wataƙila saboda tsarin buɗewa. Saboda haka, ingancin haɗinsa yana da ƙasa kaɗan (kimanin 50%).
Hoto na 7 Eriya mai siffar pyramidal mai tafiya a cikin raƙuman ruwa
2. Eriya mai amfani da wutar lantarki
Eriya ta dielectric haɗuwa ce ta substrate na dielectric da kuma radiator na eriya. Ta hanyar ƙira mai kyau, eriya ta dielectric na iya cimma daidaiton impedance tare da na'urar ganowa, kuma tana da fa'idodin tsari mai sauƙi, haɗa kai cikin sauƙi, da ƙarancin farashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu bincike sun ƙera eriya da yawa masu narrowband da broadband gefe-fire waɗanda za su iya dacewa da na'urorin gano ƙananan impedance na eriya ta terahertz dielectric: eriya ta malam buɗe ido, eriya mai siffar U biyu, eriya ta log-periodic, da eriya ta sinusoidal ta log-periodic, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 8. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya tsara yanayin eriya mai rikitarwa ta hanyar algorithms na kwayoyin halitta.
Hoto na 8 Nau'ikan eriya huɗu masu siffar planar
Duk da haka, tunda an haɗa eriyar dielectric tare da substrate na dielectric, tasirin raƙuman saman zai faru lokacin da mitar ta yi daidai da band ɗin THZ. Wannan mummunan lahani zai sa eriyar ta rasa kuzari mai yawa yayin aiki kuma zai haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin ingancin radiation na eriya. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 9, lokacin da kusurwar radiation na eriya ta fi kusurwar yankewa girma, makamashinta yana cikin substrate na dielectric kuma an haɗa shi da yanayin substrate.
Hoto na 9 Tasirin raƙuman saman eriya
Yayin da kauri na substrate ke ƙaruwa, adadin manyan hanyoyin aiki yana ƙaruwa, kuma haɗin da ke tsakanin eriya da substrate yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuzari. Domin rage tasirin raƙuman ruwa na saman, akwai tsare-tsare guda uku na ingantawa:
1) Sanya ruwan tabarau a kan eriya don ƙara riba ta amfani da halayen ƙirƙirar hasken wutar lantarki.
2) Rage kauri na substrate don danne samar da yanayi mai girma na raƙuman lantarki.
3) Maye gurbin kayan dielectric na substrate da gibin band na electromagnetic (EBG). Halayen tace sarari na EBG na iya danne yanayin aiki mai girma.
3. Sabbin eriya na kayan aiki
Baya ga eriya biyu da ke sama, akwai kuma eriya ta terahertz da aka yi da sabbin kayayyaki. Misali, a shekarar 2006, Jin Hao da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10 (a), an yi dipole da eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube maimakon kayan ƙarfe. Ya yi nazari sosai kan halayen infrared da na gani na eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube kuma ya tattauna halayen gabaɗaya na eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube mai iyaka, kamar su impedance na shigarwa, rarrabawar yanzu, riba, inganci da tsarin radiation. Hoto na 10 (b) yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin impedance na shigarwa da mitar eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube. Kamar yadda aka gani a Hoto na 10(b), ɓangaren tunanin impedance na shigarwa yana da sifili da yawa a manyan mitoci. Wannan yana nuna cewa eriya na iya cimma resonances da yawa a mitoci daban-daban. Babu shakka, eriya ta pipele ta carbon tana nuna resonance a cikin wani takamaiman mitoci (ƙananan mitoci na THz), amma ba ta iya yin resonance a wajen wannan kewayon ba.
Hoto na 10 (a) Eriya ta dipole ta carbon nanotube. (b) Lanƙwasa mitar hana shigarwa
A shekarar 2012, Samir F. Mahmoud da Ayed R. AlAjmi sun gabatar da sabon tsarin eriya na terahertz bisa ga na'urorin carbon nanotubes, wanda ya ƙunshi tarin na'urorin carbon nanotubes da aka naɗe a cikin layuka biyu na dielectric. Na'urar dielectric ta ciki ita ce layin kumfa na dielectric, kuma na'urar dielectric ta waje ita ce layin metamaterial. An nuna takamaiman tsarin a Hoto na 11. Ta hanyar gwaji, an inganta aikin radiation na eriya idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin carbon nanotubes masu bango ɗaya.
Hoto na 11 Sabuwar eriya ta terahertz bisa ga nanotubes na carbon
Sabbin eriya ta terahertz da aka gabatar a sama galibi suna da girma uku. Domin inganta girman eriya da kuma yin eriya mai kama da juna, eriya ta graphene mai siffar planar ta sami kulawa sosai. Graphene yana da kyawawan halaye masu ci gaba da sarrafawa masu ƙarfi kuma yana iya samar da plasma na saman ta hanyar daidaita ƙarfin bias. Plasma na saman yana wanzuwa akan haɗin tsakanin substrates masu kyau na dielectric (kamar Si, SiO2, da sauransu) da substrates masu kama da dielectric mara kyau (kamar ƙarfe masu daraja, graphene, da sauransu). Akwai adadi mai yawa na "electrons kyauta" a cikin masu jagoranci kamar ƙarfe masu daraja da graphene. Waɗannan electrons masu kyauta kuma ana kiransu plasmas. Saboda filin yuwuwar da ke cikin mai gudanarwa, waɗannan plasmas suna cikin yanayi mai karko kuma ba sa damuwa da duniyar waje. Lokacin da aka haɗa kuzarin raƙuman lantarki da ke faruwa da waɗannan plasmas, plasmas za su karkata daga yanayin da ke tsaye kuma su yi rawar jiki. Bayan juyawa, yanayin lantarki yana samar da raƙuman maganadisu masu wucewa a mahaɗin. Dangane da bayanin dangantakar watsawa na plasma na saman ƙarfe ta hanyar samfurin Drude, ƙarfe ba zai iya haɗuwa da raƙuman lantarki a cikin sararin samaniya kyauta ba kuma ya canza makamashi. Ya zama dole a yi amfani da wasu kayan don tayar da raƙuman plasma na saman. Raƙuman plasma na saman suna lalacewa da sauri a cikin layi ɗaya na mahaɗin ƙarfe. Lokacin da mai sarrafa ƙarfe ya jagoranci alkiblar da ke daidai da saman, tasirin fata yana faruwa. Babu shakka, saboda ƙaramin girman eriya, akwai tasirin fata a cikin babban madaurin mita, wanda ke sa aikin eriya ya ragu sosai kuma ba zai iya biyan buƙatun eriya na terahertz ba. Plasmon na saman graphene ba wai kawai yana da ƙarfin ɗaurewa mafi girma da ƙarancin asara ba, har ma yana tallafawa ci gaba da daidaita wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, graphene yana da rikitarwa mai jurewa a cikin madaurin terahertz. Saboda haka, yaɗuwar raƙuman ruwa a hankali yana da alaƙa da yanayin plasma a mitar terahertz. Waɗannan halaye suna nuna cikakken yuwuwar graphene don maye gurbin kayan ƙarfe a cikin madaurin terahertz.
Dangane da yanayin rarrabuwar kawuna na plasmons na saman graphene, Hoto na 12 yana nuna sabon nau'in eriya mai tsiri, kuma yana ba da shawarar siffar band na halayen yaɗuwar raƙuman plasma a cikin graphene. Tsarin band na eriya mai iya canzawa yana ba da sabuwar hanya don nazarin halayen yaɗuwar sabbin eriya na terahertz.
Hoto na 12 Sabuwar eriya mai tsiri
Baya ga bincika sabbin abubuwan eriya na terahertz na kayan aiki, ana iya tsara eriya na terahertz na graphene nanopatch a matsayin jeri don gina tsarin sadarwa na eriya mai yawan shigarwa da yawa. Tsarin eriya an nuna shi a Hoto na 13. Dangane da keɓantattun kaddarorin eriya na nanopatch na graphene, abubuwan eriya suna da girman micron-scale. Ajiye tururin sinadarai yana haɗa hotunan graphene daban-daban kai tsaye akan ƙaramin layin nickel kuma yana canja su zuwa kowane substrate. Ta hanyar zaɓar adadin abubuwan da suka dace da kuma canza ƙarfin lantarki na electrostatic, ana iya canza alkiblar radiation yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan ke sa tsarin ya sake daidaitawa.
Hoto na 13 Tsarin eriya na nanopatch na Graphene terahertz
Binciken sabbin kayayyaki sabon alkibla ne. Ana sa ran ƙirƙirar kayayyaki zai karya iyakokin eriya na gargajiya da kuma haɓaka nau'ikan eriya iri-iri, kamar su metamaterials masu sake saitawa, kayan girma biyu (2D), da sauransu. Duk da haka, wannan nau'in eriya ya dogara ne akan ƙirƙirar sabbin kayayyaki da ci gaban fasahar tsari. A kowane hali, haɓaka eriya na terahertz yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu ƙirƙira, fasahar sarrafawa daidai da sabbin tsare-tsare don biyan buƙatun eriya na terahertz masu yawa, masu rahusa da kuma faɗin bandwidth.
Mai zuwa yana gabatar da ƙa'idodi na asali na nau'ikan eriya na terahertz guda uku: eriya na ƙarfe, eriya na dielectric da sabbin eriya na kayan aiki, kuma yana nazarin bambance-bambancensu da fa'idodi da rashin amfanin su.
1. Eriya ta ƙarfe: Tsarinta yana da sauƙi, mai sauƙin sarrafawa, mai rahusa, kuma ƙarancin buƙatun kayan substrate. Duk da haka, eriya ta ƙarfe tana amfani da hanyar injiniya don daidaita matsayin eriya, wanda ke iya samun kurakurai. Idan daidaitawar ba daidai ba ce, aikin eriya zai ragu sosai. Duk da cewa eriya ta ƙarfe ƙarama ce, yana da wuya a haɗa ta da da'irar planar.
2. Eriya ta Dielectric: Eriya ta dielectric tana da ƙarancin juriyar shigarwa, tana da sauƙin daidaitawa da na'urar gano ƙarancin juriya, kuma tana da sauƙin haɗawa da da'irar planar. Siffofin geometric na eriya ta dielectric sun haɗa da siffar malam buɗe ido, siffar U biyu, siffar logarithmic ta al'ada da siffar logarithmic periodic sine. Duk da haka, eriya ta dielectric kuma tana da lahani mai kisa, wato tasirin raƙuman saman da kauri substrate ke haifarwa. Mafita ita ce a ɗora ruwan tabarau a maye gurbin substrate na dielectric da tsarin EBG. Dukansu mafita suna buƙatar ƙirƙira da ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar aiki da kayan aiki, amma kyakkyawan aikinsu (kamar ikon sarrafawa da rage raƙuman saman) na iya samar da sabbin ra'ayoyi don binciken eriya ta terahertz.
3. Sabbin eriya na kayan aiki: A halin yanzu, sabbin eriya na dipole da aka yi da na'urorin carbon nanotubes da sabbin tsarin eriya da aka yi da kayan metamaterials sun bayyana. Sabbin kayan aiki na iya kawo sabbin ci gaba a aiki, amma manufar ita ce ƙirƙirar kimiyyar kayan aiki. A halin yanzu, binciken kan sabbin eriya na kayan aiki har yanzu yana cikin matakin bincike, kuma fasahohin da yawa masu mahimmanci ba su isa ba.
A taƙaice, ana iya zaɓar nau'ikan eriya na terahertz daban-daban bisa ga buƙatun ƙira:
1) Idan ana buƙatar ƙira mai sauƙi da ƙarancin kuɗin samarwa, ana iya zaɓar eriya na ƙarfe.
2) Idan ana buƙatar haɗakarwa mai yawa da ƙarancin ƙarfin shigarwa, ana iya zaɓar eriya na dielectric.
3) Idan ana buƙatar ci gaba a cikin aiki, ana iya zaɓar sabbin eriya na kayan aiki.
Zane-zanen da ke sama kuma ana iya daidaita su bisa ga takamaiman buƙatu. Misali, ana iya haɗa nau'ikan eriya guda biyu don samun ƙarin fa'idodi, amma hanyar haɗawa da fasahar ƙira dole ne su cika ƙa'idodi masu tsauri.
Don ƙarin koyo game da eriya, da fatan za a ziyarci:
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-02-2024
